impunidad
Report from the First Civil Observation Mission in Eloxochitlán, Oaxaca, identifies crimes against humanity, ethnocide, and ecocide committed against the community
Presented on Saturday, November 29 to the community of Eloxochitlán in Spanish and Enna (the Mazatec language). The report is the result of the Observation Mission carried out in July of this year by an interdisciplinary group.
It concludes that the community is the victim of crimes against humanity which, being systematic and prolonged for a decade, constitute a case of ethnocide aimed at destroying the forms of organization and life of this Mazatec community. The ethnocide of the community of Eloxochitlán seeks to undermine community resistance to extractivist activities that have caused the ecocide of the Xangá Ndá Ge River and the destruction of the community’s right to self-determination:
– In this regard, arbitrary detentions, prolonged pre-trial imprisonment, political criminalization, forced displacement and ethnocide, as well as gender-based violence, were detected.
– Regarding the plundering of the Xangá Ndá Ge River, hydrological alterations, contaminating agents, and desiccation were identified, in addition to damage to flora and fauna.
This compilation of documentation seeks to be taken to international bodies, as it argues that there are no legal conditions in place to guarantee the protection of the community’s rights. Acts of aggression, political persecution and criminalization have resulted in 50 direct victims and at least 500 indirect ones.
The documentation collected identifies governors, agency heads, and magistrates as responsible actors, who—with the backing and complicity of the State—have contributed to the denial of justice, persecution, and fabrication of case files.
Likewise, it states that the Huautla Court bears the greatest responsibility by allowing omissions and practices that favor local strongmen, as it has rejected acts of torture substantiated under the Istanbul Protocol, obstructed legal processes, criminalized community authorities, carried out arbitrary detentions, and manipulated testimonies.
Through a timeline of events, the report describes the process of aggression the Mazatec community has endured, including military intervention, intimidation, torture, dispossession, home raids, threats, and abuses of authority. Many of these forms of violence predate 2014, as multiple formal complaints had been filed since 2011, none of which advanced due to omissions by the Huautla court.
In recent weeks, Oaxaca governor Salomón Jara has labeled Eloxochitlán a “red zone,” attempting to portray it as a violent community—a smear strategy taking advantage of his authority and media reach to support the strongman Manuel Cepeda in the municipal elections of November 23, where he received the second-highest number of votes.
The presentation also served as a space for community reflection, where a message was directed at those who continue to push the narrative of “a conflict between two families,” a simplification of the severe attacks carried out in complicity with the three levels of government. They responded that Eloxochitlán is made up of many families with different surnames, a small town where it is common to share last names.
Many women, as shown in the Radio Zapote broadcast that day, stated their last names. Those who spoke were mothers, wives, and sisters of former political prisoners and persecuted individuals since 2014, who had to leave their homes to dedicate themselves to the struggle for their relatives’ freedom—working the land those relatives once worked to feed their children, sleeping on the streets during sit-ins such as the one maintained for over two years outside the Supreme Court of Justice in Mexico City, while waiting for the justices to take up the case.
The report concludes that, given the incompetence of the Mexican justice system in guaranteeing minimum conditions of safety, justice, and respect for the human rights of the persecuted community of Eloxochitlán, the case must be brought before the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (IACHR), and calls for precautionary measures for all persons at risk, as well as specific protective measures for indirect victims.
The preparation of this report marks an important precedent in the forms of resistance against State injustices and violations toward Indigenous peoples. The Mazatec women comrades are an example of how to confront impunity and criminalization; their struggle for freedom has been arduous and is not yet over.
As they have done in recent years, the Mazatec women for freedom again extend their invitation to the “Internationalist Faena to End Criminalization,” which will take place from December 3 to 4, 2025, in Mexico City in front of the Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation, and on December 3, 4, and 5 outside UN Women at Calzada General Mariano Escobedo 526, Anzures neighborhood, Miguel Hidalgo.
Perú: rondas por la memoria contra políticas de matar, estigmatizar, olvidar
Texto y fotos: Javier Bedía Prado | Avispa Midia
Desde hace más de treinta años, Marly Anzualdo busca a su hermano Kenneth, desaparecido en el Cuartel General del Ejército del Perú. Los responsables hoy tienen a su favor una ley de amnistía que podría anular los procesos y sentencias por violaciones a derechos humanos en el período de violencia política ocurrida entre los años de 1980 al 2000.
Contra la impunidad y el olvido, cada jueves en el centro de Lima, las familias de personas desaparecidas durante el conflicto armado interno y de víctimas de represión estatal en democracia se reúnen frente a la sede principal del Poder Judicial. Un ejercicio de memoria desde un presente bajo terrorismo de Estado.
“Quien busca, encuentra. Ninguna persona desaparece, son desaparecidas, y cuando lo hace el Estado, sabemos quiénes tienen que darnos una respuesta. No importa cuánto tiempo pase. Queremos justicia, no puede haber paz sin justicia”, expresó para Avispa Mídia, Marly Anzualdo.
El 16 de diciembre de 1993, Kenneth Anzualdo Castro, estudiante de economía de la Universidad Nacional del Callao, fue secuestrado en Lima por agentes del Servicio de Inteligencia de la Marina, cuando se movilizaba en un bus, en represalia por denunciar la desaparición de un compañero.
La guerra subversiva-contrasubversiva causó 69,000 muertes, de acuerdo al informe de la Comisión de la Verdad y Reconciliación, la mayoría de población civil quechuahablante de los Andes peruanos, víctima de la violencia extrema de Sendero Luminoso y el Estado. En el conflicto también actuó el Movimiento Revolucionario Túpac Amaru (MRTA).
De las más de 22,000 personas cuyo paradero se desconoce, solo se ha finalizado la búsqueda de 2,582, según el Registro Nacional de Personas Desaparecidas y Sitios de Entierro (Renade).
Sin embargo, en mayo de este año la Dirección de Búsqueda de Desaparecidos fijó un plazo de 18 meses de investigación en casos de desaparición forzada, lo que contradice la ley que obliga a las entidades públicas a realizar pesquisas de forma permanente, hasta hallar a la persona o sus restos.
La Ley de Amnistía para integrantes de las Fuerzas Armadas, Policía Nacional, comités de autodefensa y funcionarios del Estado fue decretada por el Congreso en junio, con el apoyo de partidos de ultraderecha y conservadores, vinculados a las instituciones armadas y partícipes de la represión.
El dictamen elimina la responsabilidad penal para los sentenciados y procesados mayores de 80 años. Las fuerzas del orden perpetraron masacres de comunidades campesinas e indígenas, ejecuciones extrajudiciales, violaciones, torturas y desapariciones de menores de edad, ancianos, sindicalistas, militantes de izquierda, autoridades políticas y estudiantes universitarios.
Hay 156 sentencias y más de 600 procesos en curso que, en el papel, pueden eliminarse, pero en los juzgados peruanos no se está aceptando aplicar la ley que contravienen la jurisprudencia internacional.
“Matan a nuestros hijos y nos llaman terroristas”
Tras el retorno de la democracia, entre los años 2002 y 2019, se registraron alrededor de 300 muertes en conflictos sociales. En su mayoría de manifestantes y defensores de territorios asediados por extractivismos, indican los datos de la Defensoría del Pueblo y la Coordinadora Nacional de Derechos Humanos.
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