{"id":42404,"date":"2022-05-15T20:03:07","date_gmt":"2022-05-16T01:03:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/radiozapatista.org\/?p=42404"},"modified":"2022-05-18T09:25:39","modified_gmt":"2022-05-18T14:25:39","slug":"english-sembrando-vida-counterinsurgency-neoliberalism-and-clientelism","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/radiozapatista.org\/?p=42404","title":{"rendered":"[:es]Sembrando Vida: contrainsurgencia, neoliberalismo y uso clientelar[:en]Sembrando Vida: Counterinsurgency, Neoliberalism, and Clientelism[:]"},"content":{"rendered":"

[:es]Fuente: Avispa Midia<\/a><\/small><\/p>\n

En portada: El enviado especial para el cambio clim\u00e1tico de los Estados Unidos, John Kerry, acompa\u00f1a al presidente de M\u00e9xico en un recorrido por parcelas del programa Sembrando Vida en Palenque, Chiapas. Octubre, 2021<\/sup><\/em><\/p>\n

Mientras Andr\u00e9s Manuel L\u00f3pez Obrador recorre diversos pa\u00edses de Centroam\u00e9rica para promover la ampliaci\u00f3n de programas asistencialistas, tales como J\u00f3venes Construyendo el Futuro<\/em> y Sembrando Vida<\/em>, este \u00faltimo es se\u00f1alado por socavar la organizaci\u00f3n comunitaria en comunidades ind\u00edgenas y campesinas de M\u00e9xico, de acuerdo a un informe publicado por el Centro de Estudios para el Cambio en el Campo Mexicano (Ceccam).<\/p>\n

T<\/a>e puede interesar \u2192 Los claros y obscuros de la integraci\u00f3n M\u00e9xico-Centroam\u00e9rica propuesta por Obrador<\/a><\/p>\n

\u201cLas comunidades ind\u00edgenas y campesinas en M\u00e9xico tienen una amplia tradici\u00f3n de gesti\u00f3n colectiva del territorio, apoyada en la propiedad social de la tierra y en la asamblea como m\u00e1xima autoridad. El programa Sembrando Vida <\/em>est\u00e1 socavando intencionalmente estas estructuras que permiten cierto grado de autonom\u00eda a las comunidades\u201d, escribe Ana de Ita en la publicaci\u00f3n \u201cComunidad y Autonom\u00eda frente a Sembrando Vida\u201d, elaborada por el Ceccam.<\/p>\n

A esta denuncia se suman tambi\u00e9n otras consecuencias del programa: la de provocar deforestaci\u00f3n para ingresar al programa, la opacidad en el manejo del presupuesto gubernamental, adem\u00e1s de la creaci\u00f3n de organizaciones paralelas a la de las comunidades para la toma de decisiones, la cual es utilizada para la compra de voluntades.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\n
\"\"<\/a>
Deforestacion en la peni\u0301nsula de Yucatan por consecuencia de Sembrando Vida<\/sup><\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
\"\"<\/a>
El programa Sembrando Vida en Quintana Roo ha propiciado la deforestaci\u00f3n de alrededor de 10 mil hect\u00e1reas de selva. Foto: Carlos Castillo\/SIPSE<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n

Entre estos problemas, identificados por comunidades campesinas e ind\u00edgenas de Oaxaca, Chiapas, Tlaxcala, Veracruz, Campeche, Quintana Roo y Yucat\u00e1n, resaltan que \u201cel efecto m\u00e1s perjudicial del programa es la destrucci\u00f3n del tejido comunitario y de las estructuras organizativas de toma de decisiones\u201d.<\/p>\n

La publicaci\u00f3n del Ceccam re\u00fane tambi\u00e9n la perspectiva de agroec\u00f3log@s, investigador@s y organizaciones civiles que acompa\u00f1an a comuner@s en diversas regiones del pa\u00eds. Por ello, una de las indagaciones de la publicaci\u00f3n es el poder identificar los usos que puede tener Sembrando Vida<\/em> en las regiones donde se pretenden imponer megaproyectos como el Tren Maya, el Corredor Trans\u00edstmico \u201cy otros donde urge que las comunidades no sean un obst\u00e1culo\u201d.<\/p>\n

Es dif\u00edcil que los integrantes de Sembrando Vida <\/em>participen en \u201cmovimientos de resistencia social, por ejemplo, frente a los megaproyectos del gobierno, o los intereses extractivos de las empresas, ya que temen perder los beneficios del programa\u201d, refiere Ana de Ita en su texto titulado \u201cSembrando envidia\u201d, incluido en la publicaci\u00f3n.<\/p>\n

T<\/a>e puede interesar \u2192 Corredor Interoce\u00e1nico: industrializaci\u00f3n y privatizaci\u00f3n de tierras<\/a><\/p>\n

Para Ita, esto explica la coincidencia entre los nuevos trazos del \u201ctren maya\u201d y las localidades con Sembrando Vida<\/em>, adem\u00e1s de la instrucci\u00f3n expresa de incluir a los municipios del Corredor Interoce\u00e1nico en Oaxaca.<\/p>\n

Neoliberalismo y (re)organizaci\u00f3n campesina<\/strong><\/h3>\n

La directora del Ceccam se\u00f1ala que la aplicaci\u00f3n del programa debilita la organizaci\u00f3n comunitaria debido a que sigue la l\u00f3gica neoliberal \u201cque sale del \u00e1mbito de los derechos y se coloca en el \u00e1mbito de la d\u00e1diva, otorgado a quien el gobierno decida\u201d. As\u00ed pues, los recursos se otorgan a los productores individuales, quienes destinan el dinero al consumo personal sin fortalecer la organizaci\u00f3n comunitaria.<\/p>\n

\u201cEn regiones en las que opera el programa se ha notado un aumento del consumo suntuario, por ejemplo, de cerveza en lata, pues no existen en las comunidades rurales muchas alternativas de consumo en otros bienes: salud, educaci\u00f3n, cultura, alimentaci\u00f3n, etc\u00e9tera y lo que est\u00e1 m\u00e1s a mano es el consumo chatarra\u201d, denuncia Ita.<\/p>\n

Otro problema com\u00fan es que j\u00f3venes y mujeres no poseen tierra y en muchos casos no tienen la superficie parcelada requerida, de 2.5 hect\u00e1reas para su uso personal, para ingresar al programa. Seg\u00fan el programa en estos casos pueden acceder a la extensi\u00f3n requerida estableciendo un contrato de aparcer\u00eda con el n\u00facleo agrario por lo menos hasta el a\u00f1o 2024.<\/p>\n

Para Ita, esto significa que el programa impulsa que la propiedad social colectiva sea parcelada e individualizada. \u201cEn las tierras de uso com\u00fan que el ejido cede por un periodo de tiempo a los campesinos que no cuentan con ella, se sembrar\u00e1n \u00e1rboles frutales y maderables que estar\u00e1n en producci\u00f3n cuando el programa termine, as\u00ed ser\u00e1 muy dif\u00edcil que esa tierra vuelva a ser de uso com\u00fan del n\u00facleo agrario\u201d, sostiene la directora del Ceccam.<\/p>\n

Sembrando Vida<\/em> propone la coordinaci\u00f3n del programa mediante las denominadas Comunidades de Aprendizaje Campesino (CAC), las cuales forman de facto una organizaci\u00f3n paralela a la asamblea comunal o ejidal, principal autoridad en los territorios. \u201cEn sentido contrario a la estrategia de las comunidades mejor organizadas que fortalecen el poder de sus asambleas, las CAC no informan ni rinden cuentas a las asambleas agrarias\u201d, denuncia Ana de Ita.<\/p>\n

Deforestar, \u00bfpara reforestar?<\/strong><\/h3>\n

La meta de Sembrando Vida<\/em> es la reforestaci\u00f3n de un mill\u00f3n de hect\u00e1reas y para ello se requieren entre 600 y mil millones de \u00e1rboles, seg\u00fan cifras del gobierno federal.<\/p>\n

Sin embargo, no se cuenta con la existencia de esta cantidad de \u00e1rboles y desde el anuncio del programa, especialistas forestales alertaron sobre la falta de capacidad de producci\u00f3n de tal cantidad de plantas en M\u00e9xico. Seg\u00fan datos de la Secretaria de Bienestar, en 2019 se plantaron y sobrevivieron s\u00f3lo alrededor de 14% de la meta de 575 millones de \u00e1rboles.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
Vivero de Sembrando Vida<\/sup><\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Entre las denuncias que recopil\u00f3 el Ceccam, se encuentra que los campesinos informaron que son obligados a sembrar \u00e1rboles que no pertenecen a la regi\u00f3n, por lo cual mueren con frecuencia y, pese a esto, \u201cles exigen vuelvan a replantarlos, en lugar de sembrar \u00e1rboles adaptados a las condiciones clim\u00e1ticas propias. Por ejemplo en la Sierra Norte de Oaxaca les exigen que siembren cedros que necesitan mucha agua que es escasa en la regi\u00f3n por lo que muchas plantas han muerto\u201d, sostiene Ita.<\/p>\n

Te puede interesar \u2192 Deforestaci\u00f3n y corrupci\u00f3n, resultados de Sembrando Vida en el sur de M\u00e9x<\/a>ico<\/a><\/p>\n

Esto se suma a las evidencias que han surgido en estados como Puebla, Campeche y Chiapas, donde campesin@s, organizaciones y prensa han documentado la deforestaci\u00f3n de terrenos para su inscripci\u00f3n en Sembrando Vid<\/em>a.<\/p>\n

\u201cPero este problema no puede ser demostrado debido a que el gobierno no ha hecho p\u00fablicos los datos de localizaci\u00f3n de cada una de las 430 mil parcelas\u201d, aclara la investigadora del Ceccam.<\/p>\n

Auditor\u00edas<\/strong><\/h3>\n

El presupuesto asignado para Sembrando Vida<\/em> en el 2022 alcanza los 29 mil 231 millones de pesos, un monto cercano al total que corresponde a la Secretar\u00eda de Agricultura (32 mil 750 millones). No obstante, sus recursos, el programa s\u00f3lo se destina a 430 mil campesinos, de los 5.5 millones de productores agr\u00edcolas y alrededor de 2.5 millones de jornaleros agr\u00edcolas que existen en el pa\u00eds, de acuerdo a datos del Instituto Nacional de Estad\u00edstica y Geograf\u00eda.<\/p>\n

En este contexto, el programa ha sido evaluado por entidades como la Auditor\u00eda Superior de la Federaci\u00f3n (ASF), la cual detect\u00f3 carencias en el dise\u00f1o, el contenido y su implementaci\u00f3n. Seg\u00fan su Informe Individual del Resultado de la Fiscalizaci\u00f3n Superior de la Cuenta P\u00fablica 2019<\/em>, <\/em>est\u00e1 en riesgo \u201cel objetivo de lograr que los sujetos agrarios en localidades rurales con ingresos inferiores a la l\u00ednea de bienes tar rural cuenten con ingresos suficientes para hacer productiva la tierra\u201d.<\/p>\n

Sin participaci\u00f3n de las comunidades<\/strong><\/h3>\n

Para la investigadora, la ejecuci\u00f3n de Sembrando Vida, <\/em>como de otros programas federales, ha evitado la participaci\u00f3n social en el dise\u00f1o de sus pol\u00edticas p\u00fablicas al acusar a las organizaciones campesinas de corruptas.<\/p>\n

Para Ana de Ita es necesario recordar que, durante la actual administraci\u00f3n federal, el reconocimiento de los derechos ind\u00edgenas no ha recibido ning\u00fan impulso y \u201clos guardianes de los bosques y las selvas son amenazados y perseguidos por su labor de cuidarlos\u201d. Seg\u00fan datos de la organizaci\u00f3n Global Witness<\/em>, en 2020 fueron asesinados 30 defensores ambientales en el pa\u00eds lo que coloc\u00f3 a M\u00e9xico como el segundo m\u00e1s violento a nivel mundial.<\/p>\n

Te puede interesar \u2192 \u00bfD\u00f3nde est\u00e1 Semarnat ante la devastaci\u00f3n actual en el sureste?: la palma aceite<\/a>ra\u00a0<\/a><\/p>\n

En este contexto, escribe la integrante de Ceccam, \u201cal no tomar en cuenta a las autoridades agrarias, las formas de organizaci\u00f3n en el campo, los sistemas de cargos, las formas de trabajo colectivo, las formas de tomar decisiones y al no dirigirse a los n\u00facleos agrarios campesinos, como due\u00f1os colectivos de la tierra, sino a los individuos y seleccionar a unos y no a otros, al finalizar el sexenio el programa no marcar\u00e1 ninguna diferencia, ni en la disminuci\u00f3n de la pobreza, ni en la reforestaci\u00f3n y cuidado del bosque\u201d.<\/p>\n

[:en]Source: Avispa Midia<\/a><\/p>\n

Por Aldo Santiago<\/p>\n

\n

English translation by Schools for Chiapas<\/a>.<\/sup> Cover photo: Special Envoy on Climate Changes for the United States, John Kerry, accompanies the President of Mexico in a tour of parcels of Sembrando Vida in Palenque, Chiapas, October 2021.<\/sup><\/em><\/p>\n

While Andr\u00e9s Manuel L\u00f3pez Obrador tours the various countries of Central America to promote the extension of governmental assistance programs such as J\u00f3venes Construyendo el Futuro <\/em>(Youth Constructing the Future) and Sembrando Vida <\/em>(Sowing Life), the latter is implicated in undermining community organization in indigenous and campesino communities in Mexico, according to a report published by the Center of Studies for Change in the Mexican Countryside (Ceccam).<\/p>\n

\u201cThe indigenous and campesino communities in Mexico have an extensive tradition of collective management of territory, supported by social ownership of the land with the assembly acting as the highest authority. The Sembrando Vida <\/em>program is intentionally undermining these structures that allow the communities a certain level of autonomy,\u201d Ana de Ita\u00a0 writes in the publication elaborated by Ceccam, Community and Autonomy in the face of Sembrando Vida<\/em>.<\/p>\n

\u201cIn addition to this denunciation, there are other consequences of the program: that of causing deforestation in order to enter into the program, the opacity in the management of the government budget, as well as the creation of parallel organizations to that of the communities for decision-making, which is used to buy wills.<\/p>\n

\n
\"\"<\/a>
Deforestation in the Yucatan Peninsula as a result of Sembrando Vida.<\/sup><\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
\"\"<\/a>
The Sembrando Vida program in Quintana Roo has caused the deforestation of arnound 10 thousand hectares of land. Photo: Carlos Castillo\/ SIPSE<\/sup><\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n

Among these problems, identified by campesino and indigenous communities of Oaxaca, Chiapas, Tlaxcala, Veracruz, Campeche, Quintana Roo, and Yucatan, they underscore that the most damaging effect of the program is the destruction of the community fabric and of the organizing structures of decision-making.\u201d<\/p>\n

Ceccam\u2019s publication also brings together the perspectives of agroecologists, researchers and civil organizations that accompany community members in various regions of the country. Because of this, one of the publication \u2018s research projects is to be able to identify the uses that Sembrando Vida can have\u00a0 in the the regions where the intent is to impose megaprojects like the Mayan Train, the Transithmic Corredor, \u201cand other where it is urgent that the communities are not an obstacle.\u201d<\/p>\n

It is difficult for the participants in the Sembrando Vida program to participate in \u201csocial resistance movements, for example, in the face of the government\u2019s megaprojects, or the extractive interest of companies, when they fear that they will lose the benefits of the program,\u201d Ana de Ita reports in her text entitled \u201cSowing Envy,\u201d included in the publication.<\/p>\n

For Ita, this explains the coincidence in the new lines of the \u201cMayan Train\u201d with the locations of Sembrando Vida, as well as the express instructions to include the municipalities of the Interoceanic Corridor in Oaxaca.<\/p>\n

Neoliberalism and the reorganization of the countryside<\/strong><\/h3>\n

The director of Ceccam indicates that the implementation of the program weakens community organization due to the fact that it follows the neoliberal logic \u201cthat leaves the realm of rights and places itself in the realm of handouts, granted to whomever the government decides.\u201d This wayd, the resources are given to individual producers, who spend the money on personal consumption rather than strengthening community organization.<\/p>\n

\u201cIn regions in which the program is operating, an increase in luxury spending has been noted, such as beer in a can, since in the rural communities there are not many alternatives for consumption of other goods; health, education, culture, nutrition, etcetera, and what is most readily available is junk food,\u201d Ita denounces.<\/p>\n

Another common problem is that young people and women don\u2019t have land, and in many cases they don\u2019t have the 2.5 hectares required, personally, in order to enter the program. According to the program, in these cases, individuals can access the required acreage by establishing a share-cropping contract with the agrarian nucleus until at least 2024.<\/p>\n

To Ita, this means that the program encourages collective social property to be parceled and individualized. \u201cIn lands of common use that the ejido <\/em>cedes for a period of time to campesinos <\/em>that don\u2019t have it, they will plant fruit and timber\u00a0 trees that will just be producing when the program ends, so it will be very difficult to return this land to the common use of the agrarian nucleus,\u201d the director of Ceccam maintains.<\/p>\n

Sembrando Vida<\/em> proposes the coordination of the program through so-called Campesino Learning Communities (CAC), which in fact form a parallel organization to the community or ejidal assembly, which is the main authority in the territories. \u201cContrary to the strategy of better organized communities which strengthen the power of their assemblies, the CAC do not report to, nor are they held accountable by the agrarian assemblies,\u201d Ana de Ita reports.<\/p>\n

Deforest, in order to re-forest?<\/strong><\/h3>\n

The goal of Sembrando Vida<\/em> is the reforestation of a million hectares, and for this, between 600 million to a billion trees are needed, according to federal government figures.<\/p>\n

It does not have this number of trees, however, and since the announcement of the program, forestry experts warned of the absence of capacity for production of such a quantity of plants in Mexico. According to the data from the Secretary of Welfare, in 2019 only 14% of the goal of 575 million trees were planted and survived.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
Sembrando Vida Nursery<\/sup><\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Among the complaints that Ceccam compiled, campesinos<\/em> reported that they are obligated to plant trees that don\u2019t belong in the region, which is why they frequently die and, despite this, \u201cthey demand that they replant them, instead of planting trees that are adapted to their own climatic conditions. For example, in the Northern Sierra of Oaxaca, they are demanding that they plant cedars that need a lot of water which is scarce in the region, which is why many plants have died,\u201d Ita maintains.<\/p>\n

This is in addition to the evidence that has emerged in states such as Puebla, Campeche and Chiapas, where farmers, organizations and the press have documented the deforestation of land for the purpose of registering it with Sembrando Vida.<\/p>\n

\u201cBut this problem can\u2019t be demonstrated, because the government hasn\u2019t made public the location data of each of the 430 thousand parcels,\u201d clarifies the Ceccam researcher.<\/p>\n

Audits<\/strong><\/h3>\n

The budget assigned to Sembrando Vida<\/em> in 2022 reaches 29 billion 231 million pesos, an amount close to the total which corresponds to the Secretary of Agriculture (32 billion 750 million). Notwithstanding its resources, the program is only destined for 430 thousand campesinos<\/em> of the 5.5 million agricultural producers and around 2.5 million agricultural day laborers that exist in the country, according to data from the National Institute of Statistics and Geography.<\/p>\n

In this context, the program has been evaluated by entities\u00a0 like the Federal Superior Audit Office (ASF), which detected shortcomings in its design, content and implementation. According to its Individual Report of the Results of the Superior Audit of the 2019 Public Account,<\/em> \u201cthe objective of achieving that agrarian subjects in rural locales with income below the line of welfare, have enough resources to make the land productive,\u201d is at risk.<\/p>\n

Without participation of the communities<\/strong><\/h3>\n

For the researcher, the execution Sembrando Vida, <\/em>like other federal programs, has avoided the social participation in the design of its public policies in accusing the campesino organizations of being corrupt.<\/p>\n

For Ana de Ita, it is necessary to remember that during the current federal administration, the recognition of indigenous rights has not received any impetus, and \u201cand the guardians of the forests and the jungles are threatened and persecuted for their labor of caring for them.\u201d According to data by Global Witness, in 2020, 30 environmental defenders were murdered in the country, placing Mexico at the second-most violent in the world.<\/p>\n

In this context, the Ceccam member writes, \u201cto not take into account the agrarian authorities, the forms of organization in the countryside, the systems of community charges, the forms of collective work, the ways of making decisions \u2014and in not addressing the campesino<\/em> agrarian nuclei as collective owners of the land, but instead as individuals, choosing some and not others \u2014the end of this term [AMLO\u2019s 4T] will not see a single difference, neither in the reduction of poverty, nor in reforestation and care of the forest.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

[:]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

[:es]Fuente: Avispa Midia En portada: El enviado especial para el cambio clim\u00e1tico de los Estados Unidos, John Kerry, acompa\u00f1a al presidente de M\u00e9xico en un recorrido por parcelas del programa Sembrando Vida en Palenque, Chiapas. Octubre, 2021 Mientras Andr\u00e9s Manuel L\u00f3pez Obrador recorre diversos pa\u00edses de Centroam\u00e9rica para promover la ampliaci\u00f3n de programas asistencialistas, tales […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":21,"featured_media":42405,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[51,6,826,958,954,935],"tags":[917,58,53,567,147,23,545,87,148,27,483],"class_list":["post-42404","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-autor","category-chiapas","category-medios-libres-2","category-megaproyectos","category-mexico","category-temas","tag-chiapas","tag-derechos-humanos","tag-justicia","tag-megaproyectos","tag-militarizacion","tag-paramilitares","tag-pueblos-indigenas","tag-represion","tag-resistencia","tag-solidaridad","tag-tierra-y-territorio"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/radiozapatista.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/42404","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/radiozapatista.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/radiozapatista.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/radiozapatista.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/21"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/radiozapatista.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=42404"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/radiozapatista.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/42404\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":42422,"href":"https:\/\/radiozapatista.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/42404\/revisions\/42422"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/radiozapatista.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/42405"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/radiozapatista.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=42404"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/radiozapatista.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=42404"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/radiozapatista.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=42404"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}