{"id":3963,"date":"2011-08-26T13:03:21","date_gmt":"2011-08-26T18:03:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/radiozapatista.org\/?p=3963"},"modified":"2011-09-01T00:03:35","modified_gmt":"2011-09-01T05:03:35","slug":"sci-marcos-tal-vez%e2%80%a6-carta-tercera-a-don-luis-villoro-en-el-intercambio-sobre-etica-y-politica","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/radiozapatista.org\/?p=3963","title":{"rendered":"<!--:es-->SCI Marcos. TAL VEZ\u2026 (Carta Tercera a Don Luis Villoro en el intercambio sobre \u00c9tica y Pol\u00edtica)<!--:--><!--:en-->Subcomandante Marcos: PERHAPS&#8230; (Third Letter to Don Luis Villoro in the interchange on Ethics and Politics)<!--:-->"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><!--:es--><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">TAL VEZ\u2026<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong> (Carta Tercera a Don Luis Villoro en el intercambio sobre \u00c9tica y Pol\u00edtica) <\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>EJ\u00c9RCITO ZAPATISTA DE LIBERACI\u00d3N NACIONAL<br \/>\nM\u00c9XICO.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Julio-Agosto del 2011.<\/p>\n<p>Para: Don Luis Villoro.<br \/>\nDe: SupMarcos<\/p>\n<p>Don Luis:<\/p>\n<p>Reciba los saludos de tod@s nosotr@s y un abrazo fuerte de mi parte.   Esperamos que se encuentre mejor de salud y que la pausa en este  intercambio haya servido para intentar nuevos planteamientos y  reflexiones.<\/p>\n<p>Aunque la realidad actual parece precipitarse en forma vertiginosa,  una reflexi\u00f3n te\u00f3rica seria deber\u00eda ser capaz de \u201ccongelarla\u201d un  instante para as\u00ed descubrir en ella las tendencias que nos permitan,  revelando su gestaci\u00f3n, ver hacia d\u00f3nde va.<\/p>\n<p>(Y hablando de la realidad, recuerdo que fue en La Realidad zapatista  desde donde le propuse a Don Pablo Gonz\u00e1lez Casanova un intercambio: \u00e9l  deb\u00eda hacerme llegar una paquete de galletas <em>Pancrema<\/em>, y yo  deb\u00eda enviarle un supuesto e improbable libro de teor\u00eda pol\u00edtica (por  llamarlo de alguna forma).  Don Pablo cumpli\u00f3, y el dilatado andar de  nuestro calendario me ha impedido cumplir con mi parte del intercambio\u2026  todav\u00eda.  Pero creo que en lluvias pr\u00f3ximas habr\u00e1 m\u00e1s palabras).<\/p>\n<p>Como tal vez se ha ido insinuando en nuestra correspondencia (y en  las letras de quienes, generosos, se han adherido a este debate), la  teor\u00eda, la pol\u00edtica y la \u00e9tica se entrelazan de formas no muy evidentes.<\/p>\n<p>Ciertamente no se trata de descubrir o crear VERDADES, \u00e9sas piedras  de molino que abundan en la historia de la filosof\u00eda y de sus hijas  bastardas: la religi\u00f3n, la teor\u00eda y la pol\u00edtica.<\/p>\n<p>Creo que estar\u00edamos de acuerdo en que nuestro empe\u00f1o apunta m\u00e1s hacia  tratar de hacer \u201csaltar\u201d las l\u00edneas no evidentes, pero sustanciales, de  esos quehaceres.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cBajar\u201d la teor\u00eda al an\u00e1lisis concreto es uno de los caminos.  Otro  es anclarla en la pr\u00e1ctica.  Pero en las ep\u00edstolas no se hace esa  pr\u00e1ctica, si acaso se da cuenta de ella.  As\u00ed que creo que debemos  seguir insistiendo en \u201canclar\u201d nuestras reflexiones te\u00f3ricas en los  an\u00e1lisis concretos o, con m\u00e1s modestia, tratando de acotar sus  coordenadas geogr\u00e1ficas y temporales.  Es decir, insistir en que las  palabras se dicen (se escriben, en este caso) desde un lugar y en un  tiempo espec\u00edfico.<\/p>\n<p>Desde un calendario y en una geograf\u00eda.<\/p>\n<p><strong>I. El espejo local.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>El a\u00f1o del 2011, Chiapas, M\u00e9xico, el Mundo.<\/p>\n<p>Y en estos calendario y geograf\u00eda, ac\u00e1 seguimos atentos a lo que pasa, a lo que se dice y, sobre todo, a lo que se calla.<\/p>\n<p>En nuestras tierras seguimos en resistencia.  Siguen las agresiones  en contra nuestra provenientes de todo el espectro pol\u00edtico.  Somos un  ejemplo de que es posible que todos los partidos pol\u00edticos tengan un  mismo objetivo.  Auspiciados por los gobiernos federal, estatal y  municipales, todos los partidos pol\u00edticos nos atacan.<\/p>\n<p>Previa a cada agresi\u00f3n o despu\u00e9s de ella, hay una reuni\u00f3n entre  funcionarios gubernamentales y dirigencias \u201csociales\u201d o partidarias.  Se  habla poco en ellas, s\u00f3lo lo necesario para acordar el precio y la  forma de pago.<\/p>\n<p>Aquellos que critican nuestra posici\u00f3n zapatista de que \u201ctodos los  pol\u00edticos son iguales\u201d, deber\u00edan darse una vuelta por Chiapas.  Aunque  es seguro que dir\u00e1n que es algo estrictamente local, que eso no pasa a  nivel nacional.<\/p>\n<p>Pero en la clase pol\u00edtica chiapaneca se repiten, con sus toques  aut\u00f3ctonos, las mismas rutinas rid\u00edculas de los tiempos preelectorales.<\/p>\n<p>Hay ajustes de cuentas internos (al igual que en las bandas  criminales), que en la clase pol\u00edtica se disfrazan de \u201cjusticia\u201d.  Pero  en todas partes se trata de lo mismo: dejar libre el camino al elegido  en turno.  Todo lo que pasa abajo se tacha de ser un complot de uno o  varios rivales.  Todo lo que pasa arriba se deforma o se calla.<\/p>\n<p>Con la pol\u00edtica medi\u00e1tica de pago de elogios, cuando se trata de  Chiapas no hay ninguna diferencia entre la prensa de la capital del pa\u00eds  y la de la capital estatal.<\/p>\n<p>\u00bfAlguien puede hablar seriamente de justicia en Chiapas cuando sigue  libre uno de los responsables de la matanza de Acteal, de nombre Julio  C\u00e9sar Ruiz Ferro?  <em>\u201cMi presidente no te preocupes, deja que se maten,  yo voy a mandar la seguridad p\u00fablica para que levanten a los muertos\u201d,  respondi\u00f3 el entonces gobernador de Chiapas, Julio C\u00e9sar Ruiz Ferro, a  Jacinto Arias Cruz, alcalde de Chenalh\u00f3, quien le advert\u00eda sobre un  inminente enfrentamiento en Acteal el 19 de diciembre de 1997.<\/em> (Mar\u00eda de la Luz Gonz\u00e1lez, El Universal. 18 de diciembre del 2007).<\/p>\n<p>\u00bfY qu\u00e9 decir de \u201cEl Croquetas\u201d Roberto Albores Guill\u00e9n, responsable  de la matanza de El Bosque, adem\u00e1s de haber erigido un imperio de  cr\u00edmenes y corruptelas que ahora le permiten jugarle a trasmano a Juan  Sabines Guerrero y a su \u201cgallo\u201d, el coleto Manuel Velasco, para volver a  la gubernatura de Chiapas? (hablando de \u201cgallos\u201d, \u00bfalguna vez el  lopezobradorismo dar\u00e1 cuentas por haber ayudado a reciclar a lo peor de  la pol\u00edtica pri\u00edsta chiapaneca?)<\/p>\n<p>Ah, la vieja rivalidad entre las vetustas clases pol\u00edticas de  Comit\u00e1n, San Crist\u00f3bal de Las Casas y Tuxtla Guti\u00e9rrez (por cierto, sus  antecedentes se pueden encontrar en el libro de Antonio Garc\u00eda de Le\u00f3n,  \u201cResistencia y utop\u00eda: memorial de agravios y cr\u00f3nicas de revueltas y  profec\u00edas acaecidas en la Provincia de Chiapas durante los \u00faltimos  quinientos a\u00f1os de su historia\u201d en la editorial ERA de la entra\u00f1able  Neus Espresate).<\/p>\n<p>Mientras proliferan los barruntos de una tormenta en la pol\u00edtica del  Chiapas de arriba, Juan Sabines Guerrero parece seguir empe\u00f1ado en la  l\u00ednea que tantos fracasos le dio antes al \u201cCroquetas\u201d Albores: alentar a  grupos, paramilitares y no, para que agredan a las comunidades  zapatistas; solapar el auge de mafias criminales con o sin coartada de  partido pol\u00edtico; mantener la impunidad para l@s cercan@s; la simulaci\u00f3n  como programa de gobierno.<\/p>\n<p>Una prensa, local y nacional, bien \u201caceitada\u201d con dinero, no alcanza a  ocultar, con el disfraz de unanimidad, la guerra intestina en la  pol\u00edtica de arriba.<\/p>\n<p>Sobre todo esto, baste con se\u00f1alar lo siguiente: hace tiempo que las  reglas internas de la clase pol\u00edtica est\u00e1n rotas.  Los encarceladores de  ayer son los encarcelados hoy, y los perseguidores de hoy ser\u00e1n los  perseguidos ma\u00f1ana.<\/p>\n<p>No es que no se hagan \u201cacuerdos\u201d, sino que ya no tienen capacidad de cumplirlos.<\/p>\n<p>Y una clase pol\u00edtica que no cumple con sus acuerdos internos es un cad\u00e1ver esperando sepultura.<\/p>\n<p>No, la clase pol\u00edtica de arriba no entiende nada.  Pero sobre todo no entiende lo fundamental: su tiempo se ha terminado.<\/p>\n<p>Gobernar dej\u00f3 de ser un oficio pol\u00edtico.  Ahora el trabajo por  excelencia de los gobernantes es la simulaci\u00f3n.  M\u00e1s importantes que los  asesores pol\u00edticos y econ\u00f3micos, lo son los asesores de imagen,  publicidad y mercadotecnia.<\/p>\n<p>As\u00ed se hacen hoy en d\u00eda los gobernantes en M\u00e9xico, mientras las realidades locales, regionales y nacionales se hacen pedazos.<\/p>\n<p>Ni los boletines gubernamentales disfrazados de \u201creportajes\u201d y \u201cnotas  period\u00edsticas\u201d logran cubrir la crisis econ\u00f3mica: en las principales  ciudades del Chiapas real empiezan a aparecer y a crecer la indigencia y  los \u201ctrabajos\u201d m\u00e1s marginales.  La pobreza que parec\u00eda ser exclusiva de  las comunidades rurales empieza a crecer en las zonas urbanas del  sureste mexicano.<\/p>\n<p>Justo como en el resto del territorio nacional.<\/p>\n<p>\u00bfParece que estoy hablando de la pol\u00edtica de arriba a nivel nacional y no local?<\/p>\n<p>Ah, los fragmentos del espejo roto, irremediablemente roto\u2026<\/p>\n<p><strong>II. \u00bfUn epitafio para una clase pol\u00edtica o para una Naci\u00f3n?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Cuando Felipe Calder\u00f3n Hinojosa (presidente gracias a la culpa ahora  confesa de Elba Esther Gordillo), se disfraza de gu\u00eda tur\u00edstico para que  a M\u00e9xico no s\u00f3lo lleguen polic\u00edas y militares norteamericanos, se asoma  al S\u00f3tano de Las Golondrinas, en Aqusim\u00f3n, San Luis Potos\u00ed, y exclama  un <em>\u201c\u00a1Oh my god!\u201d<\/em> (http:\/\/mexico.cnn.com\/nacional\/2011\/08\/17\/calderon-promueve-destinos-turisticos-en-el-programa-the-royal-tour),  bien podr\u00eda decir lo mismo si se asoma al pozo en el que el pa\u00eds se ha  sumido durante su mandato.<\/p>\n<p>Seg\u00fan las estad\u00edsticas reveladas por el Consejo Nacional de  Evaluaci\u00f3n de la Pol\u00edtica de Desarrollo Social (CONEVAL) el n\u00famero de  pobres en M\u00e9xico pas\u00f3 de 48.8 millones a 53 millones.  Casi la mitad de  la poblaci\u00f3n mexicana vive en condiciones de pobreza.  Casi 12 millones  de personas est\u00e1n en condiciones de pobreza extrema.<\/p>\n<p>Y si uno revisa los mapas de la misma CONEVAL, podr\u00e1 darse cuenta de  que las manchas de pobreza, antes privativas de los estados del sur y  sureste de M\u00e9xico (Guerrero, Oaxaca, Chiapas) empiezan a extenderse a  los estados de norte del pa\u00eds.<\/p>\n<p>Los precios de los productos b\u00e1sicos se han duplicado y triplicado durante este sexenio.<\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/enlacezapatista.ezln.org.mx\/wp-content\/gallery\/2011-agosto-23\/variacion.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"530\" height=\"329\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Seg\u00fan datos del Centro de An\u00e1lisis Multidisciplinario, para tener el  dinero suficiente para adquirir la canasta alimenticia recomendable, al  inicio del sexenio de Felipe Calder\u00f3n Hinojosa se necesitaban trabajar  13 horas y 19 minutos al d\u00eda.  5 a\u00f1os despu\u00e9s, en este 2011, se  necesitar\u00edan trabajar 22 horas y 55 minutos.<\/p>\n<p>Mientras las ganancias de los millonarios se han cuadriplicado en los \u00faltimos 10 a\u00f1os.<\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/enlacezapatista.ezln.org.mx\/wp-content\/gallery\/2011-agosto-23\/resultados.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"399\" \/><\/p>\n<p>A todo esto habr\u00eda que sumarle las p\u00e9rdidas de empleo por cierres de  fuentes de trabajo.  Entre ellos el golpe criminal al Sindicato Mexicano  de Electricistas.  El ataque fue encabezado por el facineroso  secretario del trabajo, Javier Lozano Alarc\u00f3n (que ser\u00e1 recordado  tambi\u00e9n por las extorsiones gansteriles -Zhenli Ye Gon y los 205  millones de d\u00f3lares para el fraude electoral del 2006-), y \u201caclamado\u201d  por los grandes medios de comunicaci\u00f3n masiva.<\/p>\n<p>Por cierto, la gigantesca campa\u00f1a propagand\u00edstica en contra de los  trabajadores del Sindicato Mexicano de Electricistas (que incluye la  amenaza de acciones penales en contra de sus dirigentes), que lo mismo  los acusa de indolentes que de terroristas, debiera contrastarse con la  realidad: si esos trabajadores eran perezosos e in\u00fatiles, \u00bfc\u00f3mo es que  hab\u00eda luz el\u00e9ctrica en la zona centro del pa\u00eds?, \u00bfc\u00f3mo funcionaban las  televisoras que ahora los atacan, los peri\u00f3dicos que los calumnian, las  estaciones de radio que los difaman?; \u00bfy las deficiencias que, ahora con  la Compa\u00f1\u00eda Federal de Electricidad, se padecen en la mayor\u00eda de los  hogares de esa parte de M\u00e9xico?; \u00bfy los nuevos recibos que aparecen  ahora con cantidades exorbitantes?<\/p>\n<p>Pero la resistencia de estos trabajadores no pasa desapercibida.  No para nosotros.<\/p>\n<p>Y mientras en la econom\u00eda nacional la crisis mundial apenas se asoma, la clase pol\u00edtica sigue, esa s\u00ed, en su holgazaner\u00eda.<\/p>\n<p>El 2012 lleg\u00f3 al calendario de arriba desde el 1 de diciembre del  2006, y a lo largo de estos 5 a\u00f1os no ha hecho sino evidenciar que esos  calendarios no sirven ni para decorar los muros derruidos de la casa  grande que a\u00fan llamamos \u201cM\u00e9xico\u201d.<\/p>\n<p>En el PRI, un Beltrones y una Paredes hacen c\u00e1lculos para desplazar a  un Pe\u00f1a Nieto quien se ocup\u00f3 m\u00e1s en hacer pasarela medi\u00e1tica (hab\u00eda  dinero) y poco en hacer pol\u00edtica (no hab\u00eda oficio).<\/p>\n<p>En el PRD, la pareja dispareja de L\u00f3pez Obrador y Marcelo Ebrard  comienza a darse cuenta de que lo fundamental depende de las burocracias  partidarias de la autodenominada \u201cizquierda\u201d institucional.<\/p>\n<p>Y en el PAN de la pesadilla nacional, un hombrecito enloquecido con  muerte y destrucci\u00f3n busca quien le cubra las espaldas cuando los  guardias presidenciales y el palacio nacional ya no lo hagan.<\/p>\n<p>Aunque el desprestigio y desgaste del partido en el gobierno es  grande, Felipe Calder\u00f3n Hinojosa le apuesta, y fuerte, al uso de todos  los recursos a su alcance para imponer su propuesta.  Si ya lo hizo en  el 2006, bien podr\u00eda repetirlo en 2012.  Y lo necesitar\u00e1, porque sus  cartas est\u00e1n muy ajadas: Un Cordero que le promete a su pastor que  seguir\u00e1 si\u00e9ndolo; un Lujambio esperando no recibir la estocada de la  estela de luz; un Creel al que el gris le sienta bien (y lo define); y  una V\u00e1zquez Mota cuyo \u00fanico argumento es ser mujer.<\/p>\n<p>(Recuerdo alguna discusi\u00f3n cuando Barack Obama y Hillary Rodham  Clinton se disputaban la candidatura presidencial.  Algunas feministas  ped\u00edan el apoyo a Hillary por ser mujer, algunas afroamericanas  demandaban respaldar a Obama por ser de color.  El tiempo demostr\u00f3 que  all\u00e1 arriba no cuentan ni el color ni el g\u00e9nero).<\/p>\n<p>Mientras, como la matrona de un burdel, Elba Esther Gordillo deshoja  la margarita\u2026 y no descarta el lanzarse ella misma, en vez de apoyar a  alguien.<\/p>\n<p>Con tan pat\u00e9tico panorama es l\u00f3gico, y hasta de esperar, que surjan precandidatos externos\u2026 y jilgueros que los acompa\u00f1en.<\/p>\n<p>En realidad, fuera de las camarillas partidarias, del poder econ\u00f3mico  y de alguna militancia, el relevo gubernamental no parece interesarle a  nadie.<\/p>\n<p>La apat\u00eda va siendo remplazada por el rencor, y no son pocos los  sue\u00f1os en los que se acaba por fin de sepultar al sistema pol\u00edtico  mexicano, y con manos plebeyas se labra sobre su tumba el epitafio: \u201cLo  hizo de la manera dif\u00edcil, pero el juego ha terminado al fin\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Mientras tanto la guerra sigue\u2026 y con ella las v\u00edctimas\u2026<\/p>\n<p><strong>III. Culpar a la v\u00edctima.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Un psic\u00f3logo norteamericano, William Ryan, escribi\u00f3 en 1971 un libro  llamado \u201cCulpar a la v\u00edctima\u201d (\u201cBlaming the Victim\u201d).  Aunque su  intenci\u00f3n inicial era una cr\u00edtica al llamado \u201cReporte Moynihan\u201d que  pretend\u00eda hacer responsable de la pobreza en la poblaci\u00f3n negra en  Estados Unidos a conductas y patrones culturales y no a la estructura  social, esta idea se ha usado m\u00e1s para casos de sexismo y racismo (m\u00e1s  frecuentemente en los casos de violaci\u00f3n, donde se acusa a la mujer de  haber \u201cprovocado\u201d al violador por la ropa, la actitud, el lugar, etc.).<\/p>\n<p>Aunque nombr\u00e1ndolo de otra forma, Theodor Adorno describi\u00f3 esto de  \u201cculpar a la v\u00edctima\u201d como una de las caracter\u00edsticas definitorias del  fascismo.<\/p>\n<p>En el M\u00e9xico contempor\u00e1neo, han sido algunos miembros del alto clero,  autoridades gubernamentales, artistas y \u201cl\u00edderes de opini\u00f3n\u201d de los  medios de comunicaci\u00f3n, quienes han recurrido a esta patra\u00f1a para  condenar a v\u00edctimas inocentes (principalmente mujeres y menores de  edad).<\/p>\n<p>La guerra de Felipe Calder\u00f3n Hinojosa ha convertido ese rasgo  fascista en todo un programa de gobierno y de impartici\u00f3n de la  justicia.  Y no son pocos los medios de comunicaci\u00f3n que lo han hecho  suyo, permeando as\u00ed el pensamiento de quienes todav\u00eda creen lo que se  dice y se escribe en la prensa, la radio y la televisi\u00f3n.<\/p>\n<p>Alguien, en alg\u00fan lado, se\u00f1al\u00f3 que los cr\u00edmenes contra inocentes  encierran una triple injusticia: la de la muerte, la de la culpa y la  del olvido.<\/p>\n<p>Todo el sistema que padecemos cuida, guarda y cultiva el nombre y la  historia del asesino, sea para su condena, sea para su glorificaci\u00f3n.<\/p>\n<p>Pero el nombre y la historia de las v\u00edctimas queda atr\u00e1s.<\/p>\n<p>M\u00e1s all\u00e1 de sus familiares y amistades, las v\u00edctimas son asesinadas  de nuevo al ser condenadas a convertirse en un n\u00famero, en una  estad\u00edstica.  Muchas veces ni eso alcanzan.<\/p>\n<p>En la guerra que Felipe Calder\u00f3n Hinojosa ha impuesto a la sociedad  entera de M\u00e9xico, sin distingos de clase social, raza, credo, g\u00e9nero o  ideolog\u00eda pol\u00edtica, se agrega un dolor m\u00e1s: el de etiquetar a esas  v\u00edctimas inocentes de criminales.<\/p>\n<p>Se disfraza as\u00ed el imperio de impunidad bajo la consigna del \u201cajuste de cuentas entre narcotraficantes\u201d.<\/p>\n<p>Y esa pesada l\u00e1pida cae tambi\u00e9n sobre familiares y amistades.<\/p>\n<p>La injusticia reinante no s\u00f3lo funciona para garantizar impunidad a  funcionarios gubernamentales de todo tipo, federales, estatales y  municipales.  Tambi\u00e9n agobia a las familias y amistades de las v\u00edctimas.<\/p>\n<p>Sus muertos lo son tambi\u00e9n cuando socialmente se prescinde de su  nombre y de su historia, y una vida recta se deforma con los  calificativos prodigados por las autoridades y repetidos hasta la nausea  por los medios de comunicaci\u00f3n.<\/p>\n<p>Las v\u00edctimas de la guerra se convierten entonces en culpables y el  crimen que les corta miembros o los asesina no es sino una forma cuasi  divina de justicia: \u201cell@s se lo buscaron\u201d.<\/p>\n<p>Felipe Calder\u00f3n Hinojosa ser\u00e1 recordado como un criminal de guerra,  no importa que hoy, rodeado de abrazo y escapulario, se las d\u00e9 de gran  estadista o \u201csalvador de la patria\u201d.<\/p>\n<p>Y su historia ser\u00e1 recordada con rencor.<\/p>\n<p>Ni siquiera alcanzar\u00e1, a falta de justicia, la mofa y el escarnio populares que suelen acompa\u00f1ar la salida de los mandatarios.<\/p>\n<p>Sus pat\u00e9ticos remedos de \u201cgu\u00eda tur\u00edstica\u201d, la ilegalidad e  ilegitimidad de su llegada a la presidencia, sus fracasos pol\u00edticos, su  responsabilidad en la crisis econ\u00f3mica, el haberse hecho de un equipo  formado por golpeadores y guaruras disfrazados de funcionarios, el  nepotismo, el consolidar lo que ya se conoce como \u201cel c\u00e1rtel de Los  Pinos\u201d; todos sus desfiguros quedar\u00e1n en segundo plano.<\/p>\n<p>Quedar\u00e1 su guerra, perdida, con su cauda de v\u00edctimas \u201ccolaterales\u201d:  la derrota, el desgaste y el desprestigio irremediables de las fuerzas  armadas federales (poco o nada podr\u00e1n hacer las series televisivas para  contrarrestar eso); la entrega de la soberan\u00eda nacional al imperio de  las barras y las turbias estrellas (ya lo dijimos antes: los Estados  Unidos de Am\u00e9rica ser\u00e1n los \u00fanicos triunfadores en esa guerra); el  aniquilamiento de econom\u00edas locales y regionales; la destrucci\u00f3n  irreparable del tejido social; y la sangre inocente, siempre la sangre  inocente\u2026<\/p>\n<p>Puede ser que la muerte no tenga remedio.<\/p>\n<p>Que nada pueda llenar el hueco de soledad y desesperanza que deja la muerte de un inocente.<\/p>\n<p>Puede ser que nada de lo que se haga pueda volver a la vida a las decenas de miles de inocentes muertos en esta guerra.<\/p>\n<p>Pero lo que s\u00ed se puede hacer es luchar contra esa tesis fascista de  \u201cculpar a la v\u00edctima\u201d y nombrar a los muertos y con ello recuperar sus  historias.<\/p>\n<p>Liberarlos as\u00ed de la culpa y del olvido.<\/p>\n<p>Aliviar su ausencia.<\/p>\n<p>\ufeff<strong>IV. Nombrar a los muertos y su historia.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Mariano Anteros Cordero Guti\u00e9rrez, era su nombre.  Estaba por cumplir 20  a\u00f1os cuando, el 25 de junio del 2009 en Chihuahua, Chihuahua, fue  asesinado.<\/p>\n<p>El padre de Mariano, el Lic. Mariano Cordero Burciaga, se entrevist\u00f3  con el entonces gobernador del Estado de Chihuahua, Jos\u00e9 Reyes Baeza,  \u00e9ste le dijo que el asesinato hab\u00eda sido una confusi\u00f3n callejera.  Unas  semanas despu\u00e9s de los acontecimientos, la representaci\u00f3n del Colegio de  la Barra de Abogados del Estado pidi\u00f3 una explicaci\u00f3n de los hechos a  las autoridades correspondientes.  \u00c9stas respondieron que hab\u00eda sido \u201cun  ajuste de cuentas entre narcotraficantes\u201d.  Culpar a la v\u00edctima.<\/p>\n<p>Aqu\u00ed unos jirones de su historia:<\/p>\n<p>Mariano estudiaba en el Instituto Tecnol\u00f3gico de Parral (ITP) la  carrera de ingenier\u00eda en gesti\u00f3n empresarial y hab\u00eda recibido la carta  de aceptaci\u00f3n para estudiar la carrera de derecho en la Universidad  Aut\u00f3noma Espa\u00f1a de Durango, Campus Parral.<\/p>\n<p>Antes de estos estudios fue misionero voluntario, en el Internado  Marista del poblado de Chinat\u00fa, Municipio de Guadalupe y Calvo,  Chihuahua.  Era responsable de 32 ni\u00f1os ind\u00edgenas que estudiaban la  primaria en dicho internado.<\/p>\n<p>Mariano era un joven zapatista, de \u00e9sos que luchan sin pasamonta\u00f1as.   En marzo de 2001, junto con su padre, particip\u00f3 como cintur\u00f3n de paz en  la Marcha del Color de la Tierra.  En 2002 marcha en las diferentes  manifestaciones del altermundismo en Monterrey, Nuevo Le\u00f3n, con motivo  de una cumbre de jefes de Estado donde estuvo Bush pero tambi\u00e9n Fidel  Castro.  Al momento de morir, Mariano guardaba en un morral de uso  cotidiano la Sexta Declaraci\u00f3n de la Selva Lacandona, el Manifiesto del  Partido Comunista y su \u00faltimo libro adquirido: \u201cNoches de fuego y  desvelo\u201d.<\/p>\n<p>Cuando hicimos nuestro recorrido de la Otra Campa\u00f1a por el norte de  M\u00e9xico, a nuestro paso por el estado de Chihuahua, el joven Mariano  asisti\u00f3 a una de las reuniones.  Al terminar, pidi\u00f3 hablar conmigo a  solas.<\/p>\n<p>\u00bfLa fecha?  Noviembre 2 del 2006.  Unas semanas antes, el 17 de octubre de ese a\u00f1o, Mariano hab\u00eda cumplido 17 a\u00f1os.<\/p>\n<p>Nos sentamos dentro del mismo cuarto donde hab\u00eda sido la reuni\u00f3n.   Palabras m\u00e1s, palabras menos, Mariano me manifest\u00f3 su deseo de venir a  vivir a una comunidad zapatista.  Quer\u00eda aprender.<\/p>\n<p>Me sorprendi\u00f3 su sencillez y humildad: no dijo que quer\u00eda venir a ayudar, sino a aprender.<\/p>\n<p>Le dije la verdad: que lo mejor era que estudiara una carrera  universitaria y que la terminara, porque ac\u00e1 (y all\u00e1, y en todos lados)  la gente de honor termina lo que comienza; que mientras no dejara de  luchar ah\u00ed, en su tierra, con los suyos.<\/p>\n<p>Que ya con sus estudios terminados, si segu\u00eda pensando igual, tendr\u00eda  un lugar con nosotros, pero a nuestro lado, no como maestro ni como  alumno, sino como uno m\u00e1s de nosotros.<\/p>\n<p>Cerramos el trato con un apret\u00f3n de manos.<\/p>\n<p>7 a\u00f1os antes, el 8 de mayo de 1999, cuando Mariano ten\u00eda 9 a\u00f1os, yo le hab\u00eda escrito un mensaje en una hoja de cuaderno:<\/p>\n<p><em>\u201cMariano: Llegar\u00e1 el momento, (no todav\u00eda, pero llegar\u00e1, es  seguro) en que en tu camino encontrar\u00e1s otros que cruzan y tendr\u00e1s que  escoger uno.  Cuando llegue ese momento, mira hacia adentro y sabr\u00e1s que  no hay opciones, que es s\u00f3lo una la respuesta: ser consecuente con lo  que uno piensa y dice.  Si esto est\u00e1 firme, no importa el camino ni la  velocidad del paso.  Lo que importa es la verdad que ese paso anda.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Hoy nombramos a Mariano, a su historia, y desde esta geograf\u00eda le  mandamos a su familia un abrazo zapatista de herman@s que, aunque no  cure, s\u00ed alivie\u2026<\/p>\n<p><strong>V. \u00bfJuzgar o tratar de entender?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Tambi\u00e9n desde nuestra geograf\u00eda hemos tratado de seguir con atenci\u00f3n el  paso del Movimiento por la Paz con Justicia y Dignidad que encabeza  Javier Sicilia.<\/p>\n<p>S\u00e9 bien que juzgar y condenar o absolver es el camino preferido por  los comisarios del pensamiento que aparecen a uno y otro lado del  espectro intelectual, pero ac\u00e1 pensamos que hay que hacer un esfuerzo  por tratar de entender varias cosas:<\/p>\n<p>La primera es que se trata de una movilizaci\u00f3n nueva que, en su  proyecto de constituirse en movimiento organizado, va construyendo sus  propios caminos, con logros y ca\u00eddas propios.  Como todo lo nuevo,  pensamos que merece respeto.  Ellos pueden decir, con raz\u00f3n, que se  pueden cuestionar las formas y los m\u00e9todos, pero no las causas.<\/p>\n<p>Y tambi\u00e9n merece atenci\u00f3n para tratar de comprender, en lugar de  hacer juicios sumarios, tan caros a quienes no toleran nada que no est\u00e9  bajo su direcci\u00f3n.<\/p>\n<p>Y para respetar y comprender hay que mirar hacia arriba, pero tambi\u00e9n hacia abajo.<\/p>\n<p>Cierto que arriba llaman la atenci\u00f3n e irritan los arrumacos que  reciben los responsables directos de tantas muertes y destrucci\u00f3n.<\/p>\n<p>Pero abajo vemos que, en familiares y amistades de las v\u00edctimas, despierta esperanza, consuelo, compa\u00f1\u00eda.<\/p>\n<p>Nosotros pens\u00e1bamos que tal vez era posible que se levantara un  movimiento que detuviera esta guerra absurda.  No parece que as\u00ed sea (o  no todav\u00eda).<\/p>\n<p>Pero lo que s\u00ed se puede apreciar, desde ya, es que hizo tangibles a las v\u00edctimas.<\/p>\n<p>Las sac\u00f3 de la nota roja, de las estad\u00edsticas, de los m\u00edticos  \u201ctriunfos\u201d del gobierno de Felipe Calder\u00f3n Hinojosa, de la culpa, del  olvido.<\/p>\n<p>Gracias a esa movilizaci\u00f3n, las v\u00edctimas comienzan a tener nombre e  historia.  Y la patra\u00f1a del \u201ccombate al crimen organizado\u201d se desmorona.<\/p>\n<p>Cierto que todav\u00eda no entendemos el por qu\u00e9 se dedican tanta energ\u00eda y  esfuerzos a la interlocuci\u00f3n con una clase pol\u00edtica que, desde hace  tiempo, perdi\u00f3 toda voluntad de gobierno y no es m\u00e1s que una pandilla de  facinerosos.  Tal vez lo ir\u00e1n descubriendo por s\u00ed mismos.<\/p>\n<p>Nosotros no juzgamos y, por lo tanto, ni condenamos ni absolvemos.  Tratamos de entender sus pasos y el anhelo que los anima.<\/p>\n<p>En suma, el digno dolor que los acuerpa y mueve, merece y tiene nuestro respeto y admiraci\u00f3n.<\/p>\n<p>Pensamos que es l\u00f3gico que se dialogue con los responsables de los  problemas.  En esta guerra, es razonable dirigirse a quien la desat\u00f3 y  la escala.  Quienes critican que se dialogue con Felipe Calder\u00f3n  Hinojosa olvidan esto tan elemental.<\/p>\n<p>Sobre las formas que ha tomado ese di\u00e1logo, han llovido cr\u00edticas de todo tipo.<\/p>\n<p>No creo que a Javier Sicilia le desvelen las cr\u00edticas ruines de, por ejemplo, el <em>Paty Chapoy<\/em> de La Jornada, Jaime Avil\u00e9s (igual de fr\u00edvolo e hist\u00e9rico), o las  vilezas del Doctor ORA (de quien en ning\u00fan lugar se dice que sea de  izquierda ni que sea congruente) a quien s\u00f3lo le falta decir que Sicilia  mand\u00f3 matar a su hijo para \u201cimpulsar\u201d la imagen de Felipe Calder\u00f3n  Hinojosa; o los se\u00f1alamientos que le reprochan no ser radical, hechos  precisamente por quienes enarbolan como un logro el \u201cno haber roto ni un  vidrio\u201d.<\/p>\n<p>En su correspondencia (y me parece que en algunos actos p\u00fablicos),  Javier Sicilia gusta de recordar un poema de Kavafis, en especial el  verso que dice: \u201cNo has de temer ni a los lestrigones ni a los c\u00edclopes,  ni la c\u00f3lera del airado Poseid\u00f3n\u201d.  Y esos cr\u00edticos hist\u00e9ricos no  llegan ni de lejos a eso, as\u00ed que los pat\u00e9ticos rencores de esos  hombrecitos no llegan m\u00e1s all\u00e1 de sus pocos lectores.<\/p>\n<p>Lo real es que ese movimiento est\u00e1 haciendo algo por las v\u00edctimas.  Y  eso es algo que ninguno de sus \u201cjueces\u201d puede alegar a favor propio.<\/p>\n<p>Por lo dem\u00e1s, ni Javier Sicilia ni algunos de sus allegados  desprecian las observaciones cr\u00edticas que reciben desde la izquierda,  que no son pocas y s\u00ed son serias y respetuosas.<\/p>\n<p>Pero no hay que olvidar que son observaciones, no \u00f3rdenes.<\/p>\n<p>Transcribo el final de una de las cartas privadas que le hemos mandado:<\/p>\n<p><em>\u201cDe manera personal, si me lo permite, le dir\u00eda que siga con la  poes\u00eda, y el arte en general, a su lado.  En ella se encuentran asideros  m\u00e1s firmes que los que parecen abundar en el sin ton ni son del  palabrer\u00edo de \u201canalistas\u201d pol\u00edticos.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>Por eso termino estas l\u00edneas con estas palabras de John Berger:<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em><\/p>\n<blockquote><p>\n\u201cNo puedo decirte lo que el  arte hace y c\u00f3mo lo hace, pero s\u00e9 que el arte con frecuencia enjuicia a  los jueces, clama venganza para el inocente y proyecta hacia el futuro  lo que el pasado ha sufrido, de modo que no sea jam\u00e1s olvidado.\n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<blockquote><p>\nS\u00e9 tambi\u00e9n que el poderoso teme  al arte, en cualquiera de sus formas, cuando hace esto, y este arte a  veces corre como un rumor y una leyenda entre la gente porque le da  sentido a lo que la brutalidad de la vida no puede, un sentido que nos  unifica, porque al final es inseparable de la justicia.  El arte, cuando  funciona as\u00ed, se convierte en el lugar de encuentro de lo invisible, de  lo irreductible, lo perdurable, el valor y el honor\u201d\n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><\/em><\/p>\n<p>En fin, tal vez todo esto no venga al caso (o cosa, seg\u00fan)\u2026<\/p>\n<p><strong>VI.- Una peque\u00f1a historia.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Y tal vez tampoco venga al caso (o cosa, seg\u00fan) esta peque\u00f1a historia que ahora le cuento Don Luis:<\/p>\n<p>El d\u00eda 7 de mayo del 2011, una columna de veh\u00edculos sali\u00f3 de  madrugada de la zona zapatista Tzots Choj, transportando hombres y  mujeres bases de apoyo del EZLN que participar\u00edan, junto con las otras  zonas, en la movilizaci\u00f3n de apoyo al Movimiento por la Paz con Justicia  y Dignidad que encabeza Javier Sicilia.  Siendo las 0600, uno de los  carros volc\u00f3 y en el accidente perdi\u00f3 la vida el compa\u00f1ero Roberto  Santis Aguilar.  Siendo muy joven, Roberto se hizo zapatista y escogi\u00f3  \u201cDionisio\u201d como nombre de lucha.<\/p>\n<p>La historia del compa\u00f1ero Dionisio se antoja sencilla escuch\u00e1ndola  contada por sus padres y su esposa.  Dice su padre que, en su familia,  fue Dionisio el que primero se entr\u00f3 en zapatista:<\/p>\n<p><em>\u201cEntonces ya que estamos trabajando aqu\u00ed en la milpa tante\u00f3 la  hora que vamos platicar all\u00e1 en la milpa, el mir\u00f3 como que ya no hay  gente, ah\u00ed dijo vamos a platicar un rato, hay una organizaci\u00f3n, lo o\u00ed  que est\u00e1 muy bueno. Entonces ah\u00ed empez\u00f3 a decir, pues empez\u00f3 a platicar  con nosotros, con sus hermanos, entonces ah\u00ed empez\u00f3 a decir que est\u00e1 muy  bueno ese organizaci\u00f3n, parece que hay ayuda para nosotros y as\u00ed dijo.   Entonces as\u00ed entramos pero primero nosotros lo o\u00edmos esa palabra,  entonces ya entramos ya nosotros, pues poco a poco fue arrimando todo,  tambi\u00e9n la gente. As\u00ed es, entr\u00f3 a la organizaci\u00f3n ah\u00ed.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>Entramos nosotros a la organizaci\u00f3n, es que en ese tiempo pues  estamos muy jodido para vivir pues, y es que no hay terreno donde  puedas trabajar m\u00e1s pues, no hay pues, estamos muy pobres de al tiro.   Luego el mal gobierno hace as\u00ed, fu\u00e9ramos a  hablar si hay modo de  agarrar un pedazo pues as\u00ed de tierra, ya ni caso hace el pinche gobierno  pues, por eso este organizaci\u00f3n o\u00edmos que estaba en este camino y ah\u00ed  entramos pues con esta organizaci\u00f3n nosotros, s\u00ed, a\u00f1o que entramos, a\u00f1o  de 1990, s\u00ed.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Cuatro a\u00f1os despu\u00e9s, siendo ya miliciano zapatista, el compa\u00f1ero  Dionisio forma filas en el regimiento que toma las cabeceras municipales  de Altamirano, Chanal y Oxchuc, llevando una escopeta calibre 20.  Las  guarniciones gubernamentales fueron derrotadas en esas plazas, pero en  el repliegue el compa\u00f1ero Dionisio y otros milicianos fueron tomados  presos y torturados por pri\u00edstas de Oxchuc.<\/p>\n<p>Tal vez recuerde usted, Don Luis, las im\u00e1genes que repitieron hasta  el cansancio los medios de comunicaci\u00f3n nacionales e internacionales:  los zapatistas golpeados severamente, amarrados en un quiosco en la  cabecera de Oxchuc, la turba pri\u00edsta gritando y amenaz\u00e1ndolos con  quemarlos vivos.  Un helic\u00f3ptero gubernamental los traslad\u00f3 a la c\u00e1rcel  de Cerro Hueco, donde siguieron siendo interrogados con torturas.  Lo  tuvieron 15 d\u00edas sin alimento, con apenas agua y lo sacan a las 4 de la  ma\u00f1ana para ba\u00f1arlo con agua fr\u00eda.  No dio informaci\u00f3n alguna.  Fue  liberado despu\u00e9s, junto con otros presos zapatistas, a cambio del  prisionero de guerra general Absal\u00f3n Castellanos.<\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/enlacezapatista.ezln.org.mx\/wp-content\/gallery\/2011-agosto-23\/Dionisio1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"250\" height=\"725\" align=\"middle\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Despu\u00e9s sigui\u00f3 el Di\u00e1logo de Catedral, el Di\u00e1logo de San Andr\u00e9s, la  firma de los acuerdos, el incumplimiento gubernamental, la resistencia  zapatista.<\/p>\n<p>Decenas de miles de hombres, mujeres, ni\u00f1os y ancianos se negaron a  recibir la ayuda gubernamental e iniciaron el proceso de construcci\u00f3n de  su autonom\u00eda con sus propias fuerzas y la ayuda de la sociedad civil  nacional e internacional.<\/p>\n<p>El compa\u00f1ero Dionisio fue elegido como autoridad de un Municipio  Aut\u00f3nomo Rebelde Zapatista y fue presidente de la comisi\u00f3n de producci\u00f3n  municipal.  Cuando nacieron las Juntas de Buen Gobierno, fue miembro de  una de ellas.  Terminando su servicio comunitario como autoridad  aut\u00f3noma, qued\u00f3 como promotor local en su comunidad.<\/p>\n<p>De c\u00f3mo cumpl\u00eda sus trabajos nos cuenta su esposa:<\/p>\n<p><em>El compa\u00f1ero antes de que hac\u00eda los trabajos dec\u00eda que \u00e9l no le  importaba el tiempo que lo va a perder y tambi\u00e9n no es que traiga dinero  suficiente, tan siquiera el pasaje que llega donde lo va a hacer  trabajo y no le importa de que pierda su tiempo, tan siquiera pues con  pozol pues eso es lo que dec\u00eda antes el compa\u00f1ero cuando hac\u00eda el  trabajo, que eso lo quiere nuestra lucha. Y \u00e9l dec\u00eda que de por s\u00ed \u00e9l  est\u00e1 bien convencido de la lucha, que no lo quiere dejar y ya sea  cualquier sufrimiento que hay pero \u00e9l est\u00e1 bien convencido de luchar.   Al compa\u00f1ero le gustar\u00eda m\u00e1s el trabajo, no le importar\u00eda si es que no  tiene dinero pero lo que gustar\u00eda m\u00e1s es el trabajo, y siempre cuando  sale en su comisi\u00f3n o a hacer trabajo como consejo mucha gente ah\u00ed en  ese ejido est\u00e1 en contra del compa\u00f1ero porque sale haciendo trabajo lo  que es de la organizaci\u00f3n, pues como es ejidatario y siempre le piden la  multa que no asiste en las reuniones, otros trabajos que se hacen en la  comunidad.<\/em><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/enlacezapatista.ezln.org.mx\/wp-content\/gallery\/2011-agosto-23\/Dionisio2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"199\" height=\"268\" align=\"middle\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Cuando el compa\u00f1ero Dionisio hac\u00eda su trabajo como consejo aut\u00f3nomo, su  esposa quedaba trabajando en la milpa o cargando le\u00f1a.  Y comparten el  trabajo: cuando el compa\u00f1ero regresa del trabajo en su oficina, llega en  su casa y al otro d\u00eda sale a las cuatro, a las cinco de la ma\u00f1ana para  ver su trabajo, ya sea de la milpa o de otros trabajos, pero su esposa  siempre lo acompa\u00f1a para hacer los trabajos, as\u00ed comparten entre ellos.<\/p>\n<p>El d\u00eda de la marcha, el 7 de mayo de este a\u00f1o: se levantan a las 2 de  la ma\u00f1ana y empezaron a alistarse: moler la masa para las tortillas,  preparar la comida para dejar a los hijos, y a preparar pozol para que  llevaran a la marcha.  Y dice su esposa que, siempre que el compa\u00f1ero  Dionisio sal\u00eda de comisi\u00f3n le dec\u00eda que nunca se sabe si es que regresa.   Esa madrugada sali\u00f3 bien contento.  El cuerpo del compa\u00f1ero regres\u00f3  acompa\u00f1ado de muchas bases de apoyo zapatistas.<\/p>\n<p>Lo acompa\u00f1aron hasta llegar a su casa.<\/p>\n<p>Cuando hablamos con los familiares del finado compa\u00f1ero Dionisio, nos  pidieron que pas\u00e1ramos estos mensajes a quienes est\u00e1n luchando contra  la guerra del mal gobierno:<\/p>\n<p>El padre: <em>este mensaje para el compa\u00f1ero Javier Sicilia y a otros  compa\u00f1eros que han muerto sus hijos a causa de buscar el bien, entonces  le mando este mensaje que \u00e1nimo en su lucha, que pues para poder vencer  al mal gobierno.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>La esposa: <em>El mensaje al compa\u00f1ero Javier Sicilia y a otros  compa\u00f1eros que han muerto sus hijos pues \u00e1nimo en su lucha, que no dejen  de luchar, es el mensaje para luchar juntos.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>La madre: <em>que sigan luchando, \u00e1nimo con sus luchas y pues siempre a  esta situaci\u00f3n que si estamos dispuestos a luchar esto va a pasar, y  que ellos sigan luchado, y no est\u00e1n solos.<\/em><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/enlacezapatista.ezln.org.mx\/wp-content\/gallery\/2011-agosto-23\/Dionisio3.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"535\" height=\"355\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Cierto, no est\u00e1n solos.<\/p>\n<p>La historia del compa\u00f1ero Dionisio es sencilla y, como la de tod@s  l@s zapatistas, se puede resumir as\u00ed: ni se rindi\u00f3, ni se vendi\u00f3, ni  claudic\u00f3.<\/p>\n<p>-*-<\/p>\n<p>Mmh\u2026 pues sali\u00f3 larga esta carta.  Imagine usted lo que ser\u00e1 la  dirigida a Don Pablo Gonz\u00e1lez Casanova a quien le debo no una misiva  sino un libro.<\/p>\n<p>Y ahora que la releo antes de enviarla, se me ocurre que todo lo que  en ella se dice tal vez no venga al caso en lo que estamos reflexionando  sobre \u00e9tica y pol\u00edtica.<\/p>\n<p>\u00bfO tal vez s\u00ed?<\/p>\n<p>Vale.  Salud y ojal\u00e1 haya m\u00e1s empe\u00f1o en entender y menos en juzgar.<\/p>\n<p>Desde las monta\u00f1as del Sureste Mexicano.<\/p>\n<p>Subcomandante Insurgente Marcos.<br \/>\nM\u00e9xico, Julio-Agosto del 2011.<!--:--><!--:en--><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>PERHAPS\u2026<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong> <\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>(Third Letter to Don Luis Villoro in the Exchange on Ethics and Politics)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong> <\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">ZAPATISTA NATIONAL LIBERATION ARMY<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">MEXICO.<\/p>\n<p>July-August 2011.<\/p>\n<p>To: Don Luis Villoro.<\/p>\n<p>From: SupMarcos<\/p>\n<p>Don Luis:<\/p>\n<p>Receive greetings from all of us and a big hug from me. We hope you are in better health and that the pause in this exchange has been useful for attempting new proposals and reflections.<\/p>\n<p>Although current reality seems to rush headlong at a dizzying rate, a serious theoretical reflection should be capable of &#8220;freezing&#8221; it for a moment in order to discover tendencies within it that permit us, revealing its gestation, to see where it is going.<\/p>\n<p>(And speaking of reality, I remember that it was in the Zapatista La Realidad where I suggested to Don Pablo Gonzalez Casanova an exchange: he should send me a packet of<em> Pancrema<\/em> biscuits, and I would send him an alleged and improbable book of political theory (to call it something). Don Pablo complied, and the delayed walk of our calendar has prevented me from fulfilling my part of the exchange &#8230; yet. But I think that in the coming rains there will be more words.)<\/p>\n<p>As perhaps has been insinuated in our correspondence (and in the letters of those who, generously, have joined the debate), theory, politics, and ethics are intertwined in ways not too obvious.<\/p>\n<p>We are certainly not discussing discovering or creating TRUTHS, those millstones that abound in the history of philosophy and its bastard children: religion, theory, and politics.<\/p>\n<p>I think we would agree that our efforts are aimed more towards trying to make the not-so evident but substantial lines stand out from those tasks.<\/p>\n<p>&#8220;Downloading&#8221; theory into concrete analysis is one of the paths. Another is to anchor it in practice. But that practice is not being done in these epistles, as may be realized. So I think we should continue to insist on &#8220;anchoring&#8221; our theoretical reflections in concrete analysis or, more modestly, trying to limit their geographical and temporal coordinates. In other words, insisting that the words are spoken (written, in this case) from a specific place and time.<\/p>\n<p>From one calendar and in one geography.<\/p>\n<p><strong>I. The Local Mirror. <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The year 2011, Chiapas, Mexico, the World.<\/p>\n<p>And in this calendar and this geography, we continue attentive around here to what happens, what is said and, above all, to what is silenced.<\/p>\n<p>We continue in resistance in our lands. The attacks against us continue from across the political spectrum. We are an example that it is possible for all the political parties to have a common goal. Sponsored by federal, state and municipal governments, all political parties attack us.<\/p>\n<p>Prior to each attack or after it, there is a meeting between government officials and &#8220;social&#8221; or party leaders. Little is said, just enough to agree on a price and the method of payment.<\/p>\n<p>Those who criticize our Zapatista position that &#8220;all politicians are alike&#8221; should take a trip around Chiapas. Although it is certain that they will say this is something strictly local, that this does not happen at the national level.<\/p>\n<p>But the political class in Chiapas repeats, with local variations, the same ridiculous routines of pre-election times.<\/p>\n<p>There is an internal settling of scores (just like among the criminal gangs), which in the political class they disguise as &#8220;justice&#8221;. But everywhere it\u2019s the same: to clear the path for the one who is elected this time. Everything that happens below is suspected of being a plot by one or more rivals. Everything that happens above is deformed or silenced.<\/p>\n<p>With media policy to pay compliments, when it comes to Chiapas there is no difference between the press in the nation\u2019s capital and in the state capital.<\/p>\n<p>Can anyone seriously talk about justice in Chiapas when one of those responsible for the Acteal Massacre, namely Julio Cesar Ruiz Ferro, remains free? &#8220;Don\u2019t worry, my president, let them kill each other, I&#8217;m going to send the public security services to pick up the dead&#8221;, the then governor of Chiapas, Julio Cesar Ruiz Ferro, replied to Jacinto Arias Cruz, mayor of Chenalho, who warned of an imminent confrontation in Acteal on December 19, 1997. (See: Maria de la Luz Gonzalez, <em>El Universal<\/em>, December 18, 2007.)<\/p>\n<p>And what about &#8220;croquettes&#8221;<a href=\"#_ftn1\">[1]<\/a> Roberto Albores Guillen, &#8211; the one responsible for the El Bosque killings, in addition to having built an empire of crime and corruption that now permits him to play second to Juan Sabines Guerrero and his &#8220;cock,&#8221; the <em>coleto<\/em><a href=\"#_ftn2\">[2]<\/a> Manuel Velasco, &#8211; returning to the governorship of Chiapas? (Speaking of &#8220;cocks,&#8221; Will L\u00f3pez Obrador ever account for having helped to recycle the worst of Chiapas PRI politics?)<\/p>\n<p>Ah, the old rivalry between the ancient political classes of Comitan, San Cristobal de las Casas and Tuxtla Guti\u00e9rrez (indeed, its history can be found in the book by Antonio Garc\u00eda de Le\u00f3n, &#8220;Resistance and Utopia: memory of grievances and chronicle of revolts and prophecies which occurred in the province of Chiapas during the last five hundred years of its history&#8221; in the ERA editorial of the endearing <em>Neus Espresate<\/em>).<\/p>\n<p>While inklings of a storm proliferate in the politics of the Chiapas of above, Juan Sabines Guerrero seems to continue to be committed to the line that gave so many failures before to &#8220;croquettes&#8221; Albores: to encourage groups, paramilitary and non-paramilitary, to assault the Zapatista communities, cloaking the power of criminal mafias with or without the alibi of a political party; maintaining impunity for close [friends]; simulation as a government programme.<\/p>\n<p>A local and national press, well &#8220;oiled&#8221; with money, does not succeed in hiding, under the guise of unanimity, the internal war in the politics of above.<\/p>\n<p>About all this, suffice it to point out the following: that the internal rules of the political class were broken a while ago. The jailers of yesterday are those jailed today, and the pursuers of today will be pursued tomorrow.<\/p>\n<p>It\u2019s not that they don\u2019t cut &#8220;deals,\u201d but they no longer have the ability to fulfill them.<\/p>\n<p>And a political class that does not comply with its internal agreements is a corpse awaiting burial.<\/p>\n<p>No, the political class of above understands nothing. But above all it does not understand the basics: your time is up.<\/p>\n<p>Ruling stopped being a political function. Now the work <em>par excellence<\/em> of the rulers is simulation. More important than political and economic advisers are image, advertising and marketing advisors.<\/p>\n<p>So behave the leaders in Mexico nowadays, while the local, regional and national realities go to pieces.<\/p>\n<p>Neither can the government bulletins disguised as &#8220;reporting&#8221; and &#8220;journalistic notes&#8221; manage to cover up the economic crisis: in the principal cities of real Chiapas begin to appear and grow destitution and more marginal \u201cjobs.\u201d Poverty that seemed to be unique to rural communities begins to increase in urban areas of the Mexican Southeast.<\/p>\n<p>Just like in the rest of national territory.<\/p>\n<p>Does it seem like I&#8217;m talking about the politics of above on the national level and not the local level?<\/p>\n<p>Ah, the fragments of the broken mirror, irremediably broken &#8230;<\/p>\n<p><strong>II. An epitaph for a political class or for a Nation?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>When Felipe Calder\u00f3n Hinojosa, (who became president through the &#8211; now confessed &#8211; crime of Elba Esther Gordillo), disguised as a tourist guide so that people other than the military and the police would come to Mexico, looked out at the Cave of the Swallows in Aqusim\u00f3n, San Luis Potos\u00ed, and shouted out \u201cOh my God!\u201d (<a href=\"http:\/\/mexico.cnn.com\/nacional\/2011\/08\/17\/calderon-promueve-destinos-turisticos-en-el-programa-the-royal-tour\">http:\/\/mexico.cnn.com\/nacional\/2011\/08\/17\/calderon-promueve-destinos-turisticos-en-el-programa-the-royal-tour<\/a>), he could very well say the same thing if he looked out at the hole the country has fallen into during his administration.<\/p>\n<p>According to statistics revealed by the National Council for the Evaluation of Social Development Policy (CONEVAL), the number of poor people in Mexico has increased from 48.8 to 53 million. Almost half the Mexican population lives in poverty. Almost 12 million people live in extreme poverty.<\/p>\n<p>And if you study the maps of CONEVAL itself, you could realize that the marks of poverty, which used to be confined mainly to the South and South-Eastern states of Mexico (Guerrero, Oaxaca, Chiapas), are now spreading to the Northern states as well.<\/p>\n<p>The prices for basic items have doubled and trebled during the last 6 years.<\/p>\n<table border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"417\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"5\" width=\"417\" valign=\"bottom\"><strong>Variation in the increase in prices of some products<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"94\" valign=\"bottom\"><strong> <\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"127\" valign=\"bottom\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"77\" valign=\"bottom\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"60\" valign=\"bottom\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"60\" valign=\"bottom\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"94\" valign=\"bottom\">PRODUCT<\/td>\n<td width=\"127\" valign=\"bottom\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"77\" valign=\"bottom\">Increase   from 1\/12\/06 to 01\/3\/11<\/td>\n<td width=\"60\" valign=\"bottom\">Price   in 2006<\/td>\n<td width=\"60\" valign=\"bottom\">Price   in 2011<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"94\" valign=\"bottom\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"127\" valign=\"bottom\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"77\" valign=\"bottom\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"60\" valign=\"bottom\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"60\" valign=\"bottom\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"94\" valign=\"bottom\">1<\/td>\n<td width=\"127\" valign=\"bottom\">Avocado<\/td>\n<td width=\"77\" valign=\"bottom\">239.04%<\/td>\n<td width=\"60\" valign=\"bottom\">$12.09<\/td>\n<td width=\"60\" valign=\"bottom\">$28.90<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"94\" valign=\"bottom\">2<\/td>\n<td width=\"127\" valign=\"bottom\">Lemon<\/td>\n<td width=\"77\" valign=\"bottom\">230.45%<\/td>\n<td width=\"60\" valign=\"bottom\">$6.01<\/td>\n<td width=\"60\" valign=\"bottom\">$13.85<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"94\" valign=\"bottom\">3<\/td>\n<td width=\"127\" valign=\"bottom\">Sugar<\/td>\n<td width=\"77\" valign=\"bottom\">199.31%<\/td>\n<td width=\"60\" valign=\"bottom\">$7.24<\/td>\n<td width=\"60\" valign=\"bottom\">$14.43<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"94\" valign=\"bottom\">4<\/td>\n<td width=\"127\" valign=\"bottom\">Beans<\/td>\n<td width=\"77\" valign=\"bottom\">199.50%<\/td>\n<td width=\"60\" valign=\"bottom\">$10.03<\/td>\n<td width=\"60\" valign=\"bottom\">$20.01<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"94\" valign=\"bottom\">5<\/td>\n<td width=\"127\" valign=\"bottom\">Tomato<\/td>\n<td width=\"77\" valign=\"bottom\">141.74%<\/td>\n<td width=\"60\" valign=\"bottom\">$9.75<\/td>\n<td width=\"60\" valign=\"bottom\">$13.82<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"94\" valign=\"bottom\">6<\/td>\n<td width=\"127\" valign=\"bottom\">Eggs<\/td>\n<td width=\"77\" valign=\"bottom\">144.65%<\/td>\n<td width=\"60\" valign=\"bottom\">$11.58<\/td>\n<td width=\"60\" valign=\"bottom\">$16.75<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"94\" valign=\"bottom\">7<\/td>\n<td width=\"127\" valign=\"bottom\">Cheese<\/td>\n<td width=\"77\" valign=\"bottom\">193.55%<\/td>\n<td width=\"60\" valign=\"bottom\">$40.77<\/td>\n<td width=\"60\" valign=\"bottom\">$78.91<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"94\" valign=\"bottom\">8<\/td>\n<td width=\"127\" valign=\"bottom\">White   bread<\/td>\n<td width=\"77\" valign=\"bottom\">175.00%<\/td>\n<td width=\"60\" valign=\"bottom\">$1.00<\/td>\n<td width=\"60\" valign=\"bottom\">$1.75<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"94\" valign=\"bottom\">9<\/td>\n<td width=\"127\" valign=\"bottom\">Tortilla<\/td>\n<td width=\"77\" valign=\"bottom\">153.26%<\/td>\n<td width=\"60\" valign=\"bottom\">$6.74<\/td>\n<td width=\"60\" valign=\"bottom\">$10.33<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"94\" valign=\"bottom\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"127\" valign=\"bottom\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"77\" valign=\"bottom\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"60\" valign=\"bottom\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"60\" valign=\"bottom\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"94\" valign=\"bottom\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"127\" valign=\"bottom\">Minimum   wage<\/td>\n<td width=\"77\" valign=\"bottom\">22.90%<\/td>\n<td width=\"60\" valign=\"bottom\">$48.67<\/td>\n<td width=\"60\" valign=\"bottom\">$59.82<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"94\" valign=\"bottom\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"127\" valign=\"bottom\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"77\" valign=\"bottom\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"60\" valign=\"bottom\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"60\" valign=\"bottom\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"94\" valign=\"bottom\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"127\" valign=\"bottom\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"77\" valign=\"bottom\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"60\" valign=\"bottom\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"60\" valign=\"bottom\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"5\" width=\"417\" valign=\"bottom\">Taken from Centre   for Multidisciplinary Analysis (CAM)\u00a0   &#8220;Report of Investigation No 90 Mexico: Results of economic policy   applied to the workers (2006-2011)&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>According to data from the The Centre for Multidisciplinary Analysis, in order to have enough money to buy the recommended basic food basket during the first year of Felipe Calder\u00f3n Hinojosa\u2019s administration, it was necessary to work for 13 hours and 19 minutes per day. Five years later, in 2011, it would be necessary to work for 22 hours and 55 minutes per day.<\/p>\n<p>Meanwhile, millionaires\u2019 earnings have quadrupled during the last 10 years.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" 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\" alt=\"\" \/><\/p>\n<table border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"739\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"739\" valign=\"bottom\">Source:   Prepared by Nubia Conde M with data from Forbes Magazine, several years of   CEFP, the Bank of Mexico and SHCP, SAT.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>On top of this, add up the job losses due to the closure of job sources. Among them, the criminal blow to the Mexican Electricians Union. The attack was led by the villainous secretary of work Javier Lozano Alarc\u00f3n (who will also be remembered for his gangster-like extortions &#8211; Zhenli Ye Gon and the 205 million dollars that paid for the 2006 election fraud -), and was \u201capplauded\u201d by the mass media.<\/p>\n<p>Certainly, the huge campaign against the workers of the Mexican Electricians Union (including the threat of penal actions against its leaders), which accuses them not only of being lazy, but at the same time of being terrorists, should compare itself with reality: if these workers were actually lazy and useless, how come the central zone of the country had electricity? How could the TV companies, radio stations and newspapers that now attack them and defame them operate? What about the deficiencies that, with the Federal Electricity Company, most of the homes in that part of Mexico are now facing? What about the ridiculously high new bills they are now getting?<\/p>\n<p>Nonetheless, the resistance of these workers is not ignored. Not by us.<\/p>\n<p>And while the world crisis is barely affecting the national economy, the political class continues in its idleness.<\/p>\n<p>The year 2012 reached the calendar of those of above on December 1<sup>st<\/sup> 2006, and throughout all these 5 years it has only been proof that those past calendars are not even good for decorating the destroyed walls of this big house we still call \u201cMexico.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>In the PRI, a Beltrones and a Paredes are figuring out how to displace a Pe\u00f1a Nieto, who spends more time performing for the media (there is money involved) than in politics (he has no function).<\/p>\n<p>In the PRD, the odd couple of L\u00f3pez Obrador and Marcelo Ebrard are starting to realize that everything depends on the party bureaucracies of the self-styled institutional \u201cleft.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Finally, in the PAN of the national nightmare, a little man, surrounded by death and destruction, is looking for someone to back him up now the presidential guards and the national palace will no longer do so.<\/p>\n<p>Although the discredit and waste of the party in government is huge, Felipe Calder\u00f3n Hinojosa is gambling, and gambling high, to use all the resources he can get hold of to impose his proposal. If he did it already in 2006, he could do it again in 2012. And he will need to, because his playing cards are worn out:\u00a0 a Cordero (lamb) promising his shepherd he\u2019ll keep being a lamb; a Lujambio waiting to avoid the thrust of the stream of light; a Creel who looks good in grey (a colour that defines him); and a V\u00e1zquez Mota whose only argument is the fact that she is a woman.<\/p>\n<p>(I recall an argument when Barack Obama and Hillary Rodham Clinton were running for the presidential candidacy. Some feminists were looking for support for Hillary because she was a woman; some Afro-Americans were supporting Obama because he was black. Time proved that above neither gender nor colour are important).<\/p>\n<p>Meanwhile, like a brothel madam would do, Elba Esther Gordillo picks the leaves off the daisy\u2026and she is still considering joining the race, instead of supporting someone else.<\/p>\n<p>With such a pathetic panorama, it is only logical, and even expected, that other pre-candidates will show up\u2026and with their own supporters.<\/p>\n<p>In reality, the replacement government seems to interest no one, other than the party cliques, the economic power and an occasional militant.<\/p>\n<p>Bitterness is replacing apathy, and not a few dreams finally bury the Mexican political system, and worker\u2019s hands are engraving on its tomb the epitaph: \u201cthey did it the hard way, but the game is finally over.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>In the meantime the war continues\u2026and with it, its victims\u2026<\/p>\n<p><strong>III. Blaming the victim<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>In 1971, the north American psychologist William Ryan, wrote a book called \u201cBlaming the Victim\u201d. Although his initial intention was a criticism of the so-called \u201cMoynihan Report\u201d, which suggested that the black population of the USA were responsible for their own poverty due to their cultural patterns, rather than the social structure being to blame, this idea has been used more often to excuse acts of sexism and racism (even more so in rape cases, where the female is accused of provoking the rapist by her clothing, attitude, place, etc.)<\/p>\n<p>Similarly, but using a different name, Theodor Adorno describes \u201cBlaming the victim\u201d as one of the defining characteristics of fascism.<\/p>\n<p>In contemporary Mexico, the church, government, artists and people from the mainstream media, have used the same nonsense to condemn innocent victims (mainly women and young people).<\/p>\n<p>Felipe Calder\u1f79n Hinojosa\u2019s war has converted this characteristic of fascism into a whole programme of government and the dispensing of justice. Moreover, most of the media coverage holds to the same strategy, permeating through the minds of those who still believe what the newspapers, radio and television report.<\/p>\n<p>Someone somewhere said that crimes against innocent people commit a triple injustice: death, guilt, and oblivion.<\/p>\n<p>The whole system that we currently endure cares, keeps, and cultivates the killers and their names, whether it is to condemn or to glorify them.<\/p>\n<p>However, the victim\u2019s name and story are left behind.<\/p>\n<p>Far beyond the victim\u2019s relatives and friends, the victims are killed once again when they are reduced to a number, a statistic. Some others don\u2019t even reach that.<\/p>\n<p>In the war that Calder\u1f79n has imposed on the whole of Mexican society, across race, belief, social class, gender, political ideology, another grief is added: innocent victims are labeled as criminals.<\/p>\n<p>The empire of impunity is disguised under the name of \u201csettling of scores amongst <em>narcos<\/em>\u201d.<\/p>\n<p>And this heavy weight falls onto the relatives and friends too.<\/p>\n<p>The reigning injustice not only guarantees impunity for all those working in the federal, state and municipal governments. It also overburdens the families and friends of the victims.<\/p>\n<p>Other deaths are also their deaths, when society omits their names and stories. An honest life is distorted when [criminal] adjectives are lavished on those lives by the authorities and repeated <em>ad nauseam<\/em> by the media.<\/p>\n<p>Then the victims of the war become the culprits and the crime of chopping their limbs off or killing them becomes a quasi-divine justice: \u201cthey asked for it\u201d.<\/p>\n<p>Felipe Calder\u1f79n Hinojosa will be remembered as a war criminal, even though today he is surrounded by embraces and congratulations, he thinks he is a great statesman, or the country\u2019s saviour.<\/p>\n<p>He will be remembered with bitterness.<\/p>\n<p>It will even surpass the lack of justice, the derision and the usual scorn that follows the governor\u2019s departure.<\/p>\n<p>His pathetic imitation of a \u201ctourist guide\u201d, the illegality and illegitimacy of becoming president, his failed policies, his responsibility for the economic crisis, his surrounding of himself with a team of hitmen and security guards dressed in politician\u2019s clothing; the nepotism that consolidates what is already known as the \u201clos Pi\u0148os Cartel\u201d<a href=\"#_ftn3\">[3]<\/a>, all these misrepresentations will be left in the background.<\/p>\n<p>What will remain will be his war, lost, with its trail of collateral victims: the defeat, wearing down and discredit of the federal armed forces (which TV series could do very little to counter); the handing over of national sovereignty to the empire of stripes and blurred stars (we have said this before: the USA will be the sole winners of this war); the wiping out of local and regional economies; the breakdown of the social fabric; and innocent blood, always innocent blood\u2026<\/p>\n<p>It may be that death has no cure.<\/p>\n<p>That nothing can fill the void of loneliness and despair that is left by the death of an innocent.<\/p>\n<p>It may be that nothing can be done to bring back to life the tens of thousands of innocents killed in this war.<\/p>\n<p>But one thing that can be done is to fight against this fascist idea of \u201cblame the victim\u201d, to name the dead and thus to recover their stories.<\/p>\n<p>To free them from guilt and from oblivion.<\/p>\n<p>To provide comfort for their absence.<\/p>\n<p><strong> <\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong> <\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>IV. Naming the dead and their history<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Mariano Anteros Cordero Gutierrez was his name. He was about 20 years old when, on June 25, 2009, he was murdered in Chihuahua.<\/p>\n<p>When Mariano&#8217;s father, Mariano Cordero Burciaga, met with the then governor of Chihuahua, Jos\u00e9 Reyes Baeza, the latter said that the murder had been the result of a street fight. A few weeks after the events, a representative of the College of State Lawyers of the Bar asked the appropriate authorities for an explanation of the facts. They said they had been &#8220;a settling of accounts between drug traffickers&#8221;.\u00a0 Blame the victim.<br \/>\nHere are a few fragments of his story:<\/p>\n<p>Mariano was studying at the Institute of Technology in Parral (ITP) for an engineering degree in business management and had received a letter of acceptance to study for a law degree at the Autonomous University of Durango in Spain, Parral Campus.<\/p>\n<p>Prior to these studies he was a missionary volunteer at the Marist boarding school in the town of Chinat\u00fa, in the municipality of Guadalupe y Calvo, Chihuahua. He was responsible for 32 indigenous children in the primary section of this boarding school.<\/p>\n<p>Mariano was a young Zapatista, one of those who struggle without masks. In March 2001, along with his father, he participated as a member of the \u2018belt of peace\u2019 during the March of the Colour of the Earth. In 2002, he took part in the various anti-globalization (<em>altermundismo<\/em>) demonstrations in Monterrey, Nuevo Le\u00f3n, during a summit of heads of state attended by Bush but also by Fidel Castro. At the time of his death, Mariano kept in a bag for daily use a copy of the Sixth Declaration of the Lacandon Jungle, the Communist Party Manifesto and his most recently-acquired book, &#8220;Nights of Fire and Sleeplessness&#8221;<a href=\"#_ftn4\">[4]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>When we did our Other Campaign tour of northern Mexico, we passed through the state of Chihuahua, and the young Mariano attended a meeting. At the end of the meeting, he asked to speak with me alone.<\/p>\n<p>What was the date? November 2, 2006. A few weeks earlier, on October 17 of that year, Mariano had reached the age of seventeen.<\/p>\n<p>We sat in the same room where the meeting had been. More or less, what Mariano told me was that he wanted to come to live in a Zapatista community. He wanted to learn.\u00a0 I was surprised by his simplicity and humility, he did not say he wanted to come to help, but to learn.<\/p>\n<p>I told the truth: that it was best to study for a college degree and to finish it, because here (and there and everywhere), people of honour finish what they have started; meanwhile they do not stop fighting, there in their land with their people.<\/p>\n<p>That once he had finished his studies, if he still felt the same, he would have a place with us, but by our side, not as teacher or as a student, but as one of us.<\/p>\n<p>We closed the deal with a handshake.<\/p>\n<p>Seven years earlier, on May 8, 1999, when Mariano was 9, I had written him a message on a sheet of paper from a notebook:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><em>&#8220;Mariano:The time will come, (not yet, but it will come, that is certain), when your path crosses others, and you have to choose one. When that time comes, look inside you and know that there are no options, there is only one answer: to be true to what you believe and say. If this is true, then the path and the speed of walking do not matter. What matters is the truth of the path walked&#8221;.<br \/>\n<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Today we name Mariano, and his story, and from this geography we send his family a hug from his Zapatista brothers and sisters, which, although it will not cure it, will relieve the pain&#8230;<\/p>\n<p><strong>V. Judging or trying to understand? <\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong> <\/strong><strong> <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>From our geography we have also tried to follow closely the course of the Movement for Peace with Justice and Dignity that Javier Sicilia heads.<\/p>\n<p>I know that judging and condemning or absolving is the way preferred by the commissioners of thought that appear on either side of the intellectual spectrum, but around here we think that one must make an effort to try to understand several things:<\/p>\n<p>The first is that we\u2019re dealing with a new movement that, in its project of becoming an organized movement, is constructing its own paths, with its own achievements and failures. Like anything new, we think it deserves respect. They can say, rightly, that the ways and means can be challenged, but not the causes.<\/p>\n<p>And it deserves attention to try to comprehend, instead of making the summary judgments so dear to those who do not tolerate anything that is not under their direction.<\/p>\n<p>And to respect and understand you have to look up, but also down below.<\/p>\n<p>It\u2019s true that above the shows of affection received by those directly responsible for so much death and destruction call attention and irritate.<\/p>\n<p>But below we see that, in the family members and friends of the victims, awakens hope, comfort and companionship.<\/p>\n<p>We thought maybe it was possible for a movement to rise up that would stop this absurd war. It doesn\u2019t seem to be so (or not yet).<\/p>\n<p>But what can be seen, of course, is that made tangible to the victims.<\/p>\n<p>It lifted them out of the page of police reports, out of the statistics of the mythical &#8220;triumphs&#8221; of the government of Felipe Calderon Hinojosa, out of the blame, the forgetting.<\/p>\n<p>Thanks to that mobilization, the victims begin to have a name and a history. And the hoax of the &#8220;fight against organized crime&#8221; falls apart.<\/p>\n<p>For sure we still don\u2019t understand the reason they spend so much energy and effort in dialogue with a political class that have long lost the will to govern and are nothing but a gang of outlaws. Perhaps they will discover this for themselves.<\/p>\n<p>We do not judge and, therefore, neither do we condemn or absolve. We try to understand their steps and the longing that animates them.<\/p>\n<p>In short, the dignified pain that embodies and moves them deserves and has our respect and admiration.<\/p>\n<p>We think it is logical to dialogue with those responsible for the problems. In this war, it is reasonable to address those who unleashed it and escalated it. Critics of that dialogue with Felipe Calder\u00f3n Hinojosa forget this fundamental.<\/p>\n<p>Criticism of all kinds has rained on the forms that dialogue has taken.<\/p>\n<p>I do not think that Javier Sicilia loses any sleep over the vile criticism of, for example, the Paty Chapoy of <em>La Jornada<\/em>, Jaime Avil\u00e9s (just as frivolous and hysterical), or the vileness of Dr. ORA (who nowhere says that he is on the left or that he is congruent), who only lacks saying that Sicilia ordered the killing of his son to &#8220;push&#8221; the image of Felipe Calderon Hinojosa; or the signals that reproach him for not being radical, made precisely by those who hoist as an achievement &#8220;not having broken one pane of glass.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>In his correspondence (and it seems to me in some public events), Javier Sicilia likes to recall a poem by Cavafy, especially the verse that says: &#8220;Thou shalt not fear either Laestrygonians or Cyclops, or the wrath of angry Poseidon.&#8221; And these hysterical critics get nowhere near this, so that the bitterness of these pathetic little men does not reach beyond their few readers.<\/p>\n<p>The reality is that this movement is doing something for the victims. And that is something that none of the &#8220;judges&#8221; can claim to do.<\/p>\n<p>As for the rest, neither Javier Sicilia nor any of those close to him disdain the critical observations that they receive from the left, which are not few but are serious and respectful.<\/p>\n<p>But one must not forget that they are observations, not orders.<\/p>\n<p>I transcribe the end of one of the private letters that we have sent to him:<\/p>\n<p><em>&#8220;Personally, if I may, I would tell him to continue with poetry, and art in general, at his side. In it are found stronger handles than those that seem to abound without rhyme or reason from the palaver of political &#8220;analysts\u201d. <\/em><\/p>\n<p><em> <\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>So I finish these lines with the words of John Berger: <\/em><\/p>\n<blockquote><p><em>\u2018I cannot tell you what art does and how it does it, but I know that art often prosecutes judges, cries out for vengeance for the innocent and projects into the future what the past has suffered, in a way that is never ever forgotten. <\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><em> <\/em><\/p>\n<blockquote><p><em>I also know that the powerful fear art, in any of its forms, when it does this, and that art sometimes runs like a rumour and a legend among the people because it gives meaning to what the brutality of life cannot, a meaning that unifies us, because in the end it is inseparable from justice. Art, when it functions like that, becomes the meeting place of the invisible, the irreducible, the enduring, the courage and the honour\u2019 &#8221; <\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><em> <\/em><\/p>\n<p>In the end, maybe all this will not come to be the case (or the thing, depending)<a href=\"#_ftn5\">[5]<\/a> &#8230;..<\/p>\n<p><strong>VI. A little story.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>And perhaps this little story I am now going to tell you, Don Luis, will not come to be the case (or thing, depending,) either:<\/p>\n<p>In the early morning of May 7, 2011, a column of vehicles left the zapatista Tzots Choj zone, ferrying men and women of the EZLN support bases to participate, along with people from other areas, in a demonstration in support of the Movement for Peace with Justice and Dignity headed by Javier Sicilia. At 6 o\u2019clock, our <em>compa\u00f1ero<\/em> Roberto Santis Aguilar lost his life when one of the cars overturned in an accident. When he was very young, Robert became a Zapatista and chose &#8220;Dionisio&#8221; as his struggle name.<\/p>\n<p>The story seems simple, when listening to it being told by his parents and his wife. His father says that Dionisio was the first member of his family to join the Zapatistas.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><em>&#8220;So, since we were working here in the cornfield, the time came when we were chatting here in the cornfield, he looked to see that there was no one around and said, we&#8217;ll talk a while, there is an organization, I heard it is very good. Then he started to say, he began to talk with us, with his brothers, then he began to say that there is this organization which is very good, it seems that there is help for us and this is what he said. So this is how we joined, but first we heard the word, and then we joined ourselves, it was gradually coming closer to all of the people. So, we joined the organization then.<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<blockquote><p><em> We joined the organization at that time because we were very fucked up for living then, and there was no more land for us to work, we were very poor then. Then the bad government did this, we were talking about if there was a way to grab a piece of land, since there was no way the bloody government would give us one, so this organization heard we were on this path and then we joined this organization yes, we joined in the year, the year 1990, yes&#8221;.<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Four years later, now as a member of the Zapatista militia,<em> compa\u00f1ero<\/em> Dionisio, carrying a 20-gauge shotgun, was part of the regiment which took the municipalities of Altamirano, Chanal and Oxchuc. The government garrisons were defeated in those places, but afterwards Dionisio and other <em>milicianos<\/em> were taken prisoner and tortured by the PRI in Oxchuc.<\/p>\n<p>You may remember, Don Luis, the images repeated ad nauseam by the national media and international organizations: the Zapatistas severely beaten, tied up in a building at the headquarters of Oxchuc, the PRI mob shouting and threatening to burn them alive. A government helicopter flew them to the Cerro Hueco prison, where they continued to be interrogated under torture. They had 15 days without food, with hardly any water, and being taken out at 4 in the morning to wash in cold water. He did not give them any information. He was released later, along with other Zapatista prisoners, in exchange for the Prisoner of War General Absal\u1f79n Castellanos.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/enlacezapatista.ezln.org.mx\/wp-content\/gallery\/2011-agosto-23\/Dionisio1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"250\" height=\"725\" align=\"middle\" \/><\/p>\n<p>There followed the Dialogue in the Cathedral, the Dialogue of San Andres, the signing of the accords, the government\u2019s failure to ratify them, and the Zapatista resistance.<\/p>\n<p>Tens of thousands of men, women, children and old people refused to receive government aid and began the process of building their autonomy through their own efforts and with the support of national and international civil society.<\/p>\n<p><em>Compa\u00f1ero <\/em>Dionisio was elected an authority of the Rebel Zapatista Autonomous Municipality and chairman of the commission of municipal production. When the Good Government Juntas were born, he was a member of one of them. Completing his community service as an autonomous authority, he remained a local promoter in his community.<\/p>\n<p>His wife tells us how he fulfilled his duties:<\/p>\n<p><em>\u201cBefore starting work the <\/em><em>compa\u00f1ero<\/em> <em>said that it did not matter to him how much time he lost or if he would not earn enough money, not even the time when he was going to do the work and he did not mind that he would lose his time, even with pozol, because that&#8217;s what he said before doing the work, that that is what our struggle needs. And he said that he was in himself quite convinced of the struggle, he did not want to give up, or mind whether there was any suffering, but he was quite convinced to fight. The <\/em><em>compa\u00f1ero<\/em><em> would like more work, would not mind if he had no money, but what he liked most is the work, and always when he goes out in the commission or in the council to work, many people there in the ejido were against the <\/em><em>compa\u00f1ero,<\/em><em> because work is what is making the organization, because, as an ejidatario he was always asked for a fine because he did not attend the meetings, doing other jobs in the community\u201d.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/enlacezapatista.ezln.org.mx\/wp-content\/gallery\/2011-agosto-23\/Dionisio2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"199\" height=\"268\" align=\"middle\" \/><\/p>\n<p>When <em>compa\u00f1ero<\/em> Dionisio was doing his job as an autonomous authority, his wife stayed behind working in the cornfield or carrying firewood. And they shared the job: when the <em>compa\u00f1ero<\/em> returned from work in his office, he came home and the next day left at four or five in the morning to go to his work, either in the cornfield or other jobs, but always accompanied to work by his wife, and so they shared the work between them.<\/p>\n<p>The day of the march, on May 7 this year, they got up at 2am and began to get ready: to grind the [flour for] dough for the tortillas, to prepare food to leave for the children, and to prepare <em>pozol<\/em> to take on the march. His wife says that whenever he went out to do work for the commission, Dionisio said he never knew whether he would return. That morning he left happily. The body of the <em>compa\u00f1ero<\/em> came back along with many Zapatista support bases.<\/p>\n<p>They accompanied him back home.<\/p>\n<p>When we spoke to the family of the late Dionisio, they asked us to pass these messages on to those who are struggling against the bad government\u2019s war:<\/p>\n<p>The father: <em>this message is for compa\u00f1ero Javier Sicilia and other compa\u00f1eros whose children have died as a result of looking for the good, then I send this message to encourage them in their struggle, so perhaps they can defeat the bad government. <\/em><\/p>\n<p>The wife: <em>this message to the compa\u00f1ero Javier Sicilia and other compa\u00f1eros whose children have died, to encourage them in their struggle, not to stop fighting, the message is to fight together. <\/em><\/p>\n<p>The mother: <em>to keep struggling, their struggles and courage, as always with this situation if we are willing to fight it is going to happen, to continue to struggle, and they are not alone.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/enlacezapatista.ezln.org.mx\/wp-content\/gallery\/2011-agosto-23\/Dionisio3.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"535\" height=\"355\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Truly, they are not alone.<\/p>\n<p>The story of Dionisio is a simple one and, like that of all the Zapatistas can be summarized as follows: they neither surrendered nor sold out nor gave up.<\/p>\n<p>-*Hmm &#8230; it came out as a long letter. Imagine what will be sent to Don Pablo Gonzalez Casanova, to whom I owe not a letter but a book.<\/p>\n<p>And now that I re-read it before sending, it occurs to me that all it says may not come to be the case as we reflect on ethics and politics.<\/p>\n<p>Or perhaps it will?<\/p>\n<p>Vale. Good health to you and hopefully there will be more effort put into understanding and less into judging.<\/p>\n<p>From the mountains of the Mexican Southeast<\/p>\n<p>Subcomandante Marcos<\/p>\n<p>Mexico, \u00a0July &#8211; August \u00a02011<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/enlacezapatista.ezln.org.mx\/2011\/08\/25\/sci-marcos-tal-vez-carta-tercera-a-don-luis-villoro-en-el-intercambio-sobre-etica-y-politica\/\">http:\/\/enlacezapatista.ezln.org.mx\/2011\/08\/25\/sci-marcos-tal-vez-carta-tercera-a-don-luis-villoro-en-el-intercambio-sobre-etica-y-politica\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p><sub> <\/sub><\/p>\n<p><sub> <\/sub><\/p>\n<p><sub> <\/sub><\/p>\n<hr size=\"1\" \/><a href=\"#_ftnref1\">[1]<\/a> Nickname referring to the individual\u2019s shape<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref2\">[2]<\/a> Coleto \u2013 a term used to describe those in San Crist\u00f3bal, Chiapas, who think of themselves as descendants of the Spanish invaders.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref3\">[3]<\/a> The president\u2019s residence\u2019s drug cartel<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref4\">[4]<\/a> Title of a book by Marcos<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref5\">[5]<\/a> <sub>caso (o cosa, segun)\u2026. this is a phrase often used by Marcos, which is a play on letters almost impossible to translate<\/sub><!--:--><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>TAL VEZ\u2026 (Carta Tercera a Don Luis Villoro en el intercambio sobre \u00c9tica y Pol\u00edtica) EJ\u00c9RCITO ZAPATISTA DE LIBERACI\u00d3N NACIONAL M\u00c9XICO. Julio-Agosto del 2011. Para: Don Luis Villoro. De: SupMarcos Don Luis: Reciba los saludos de tod@s nosotr@s y un abrazo fuerte de mi parte. Esperamos que se encuentre mejor de salud y que la [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[183],"tags":[926],"class_list":["post-3963","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-blog","tag-ezln"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/radiozapatista.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3963","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/radiozapatista.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/radiozapatista.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/radiozapatista.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/radiozapatista.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=3963"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/radiozapatista.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3963\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/radiozapatista.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=3963"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/radiozapatista.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=3963"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/radiozapatista.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=3963"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}