{"id":19903,"date":"2016-12-30T23:03:31","date_gmt":"2016-12-31T05:03:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/radiozapatista.org\/?p=19903"},"modified":"2017-01-24T10:36:36","modified_gmt":"2017-01-24T16:36:36","slug":"ezln-las-artes-y-las-ciencias-en-la-historia-del-neo-zapatismo","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/radiozapatista.org\/?p=19903","title":{"rendered":"[:es]EZLN: Las Artes y las Ciencias en la historia del (neo) Zapatismo[:en]The Arts and the Sciences in the history of (neo) Zapatismo[:]"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>[:es]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/radiozapatista.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/12\/radio-zapatista-29-dic-3.8.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-19895\" src=\"https:\/\/radiozapatista.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/12\/radio-zapatista-29-dic-3.8-350x210.jpg\" alt=\"radio-zapatista-29-dic-3-8\" width=\"350\" height=\"210\" srcset=\"https:\/\/radiozapatista.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/12\/radio-zapatista-29-dic-3.8-350x210.jpg 350w, https:\/\/radiozapatista.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/12\/radio-zapatista-29-dic-3.8.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 350px) 100vw, 350px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>Escucha el audio: [podcast]https:\/\/radiozapatista.org\/Audios\/dia3_ponenciamoisesygaleano.mp3[\/podcast]<\/p>\n<p>28 de diciembre del 2016.<\/p>\n<p>La noche de ayer, les platicaba del desbarajuste interplanetario que hab\u00eda desatado la pregunta \u201c<em>\u00bfPor qu\u00e9 esa flor es de ese color, por qu\u00e9 tiene esa forma, por qu\u00e9 tiene ese olor?<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Ok, me exced\u00ed con eso de \u201cinterplanetario\u201d.\u00a0 Deb\u00ed decir: el desbarajuste que en el microcosmos del zapatismo hab\u00eda provocado la pregunta hecha por la <strong><em>j\u00f3vena<\/em><\/strong> Rosita al Subcomandante Insurgente Mois\u00e9s.<\/p>\n<p>Aunque creo que es evidente, no sobra el aclarar que la respuesta que el SubMoy le dio a la jovencita zapatista fue la misma que, tal vez, no s\u00e9, es probable, es un supositorio, ha dado combustible al avance de la ciencia desde sus inicios: \u201c<em>No s\u00e9<\/em>\u201d.<\/p>\n<p>Ahora pienso que, seguramente, la <strong><em>jovena<\/em><\/strong> sab\u00eda que \u00e9sa era la respuesta, pero esperaba que el SubMoy entendiera que, dentro de la flor, hab\u00eda una pregunta m\u00e1s grande.<\/p>\n<p>El SubMoy, ahora lo sabemos porque estamos aqu\u00ed, en este encuentro, sab\u00eda que la respuesta \u201c<em>No s\u00e9<\/em>\u201d, no s\u00f3lo era insuficiente, sino que ser\u00eda in\u00fatil si no llevaba a otras preguntas.<\/p>\n<p>Ahora \u00e9l les platicar\u00e1 lo que es, como quien dice, el contexto de la pregunta\u2026 y de su respuesta.<\/p>\n<p>A m\u00ed me toca ahora platicarles brevemente algo de la prehistoria de esa pregunta y de esa respuesta.<\/p>\n<p>Las artes y las ciencias antes del inicio del alzamiento, al interior del <strong><em>ezetaelene<\/em><\/strong>, ten\u00edan un universo muy reducido y una historia breve: ambas, ciencias y artes, ten\u00edan un motivo, una direcci\u00f3n, una raz\u00f3n impuesta: la guerra.<\/p>\n<p><!--more-->\u00a0 Primero en los campamentos guerrilleros, luego en los cuarteles y despu\u00e9s en las comunidades, las artes se limitaban a la m\u00fasica, la poes\u00eda y algo de dibujo y pintura, todas con mensajes revolucionarios exclusivamente.\u00a0 Claro, no era raro que de pronto se colaran canciones de amores y desamores, corridos, rancheras, y hasta alguna balada de Juan Gabriel, pero eso era en la clandestinidad dentro de la clandestinidad.<\/p>\n<p>El cine o la cinematograf\u00eda ten\u00eda como sala exclusiva o \u201cvip\u201d, nuestra imaginaci\u00f3n.\u00a0 Uno de los insurgentes nos contaba siempre la misma pel\u00edcula, pero hallaba el modo de modificarla en cada ocasi\u00f3n, o de mezclarla con otras.\u00a0 As\u00ed fue como vimos el original y varios \u201cremakes\u201d de \u201cEnter the Dragon\u201d, con Bruce Lee en el \u00fanico papel, porque el compa se pasaba horas explic\u00e1ndonos los movimientos y golpes.\u00a0 Esto sigui\u00f3 hasta que, con una peque\u00f1a planta de luz y un pesado y estorboso proyector de 16 mil\u00edmetros, vimos una pel\u00edcula vietnamita que creo se llamaba \u201cPunto de Enlace\u201d o algo as\u00ed, y que, por supuesto, s\u00f3lo estaba en el idioma original, as\u00ed que con imaginaci\u00f3n le pon\u00edamos di\u00e1logos en espa\u00f1ol y hac\u00edamos otra pel\u00edcula de la pel\u00edcula original.\u00a0 No estoy seguro, pero creo eso se llama \u201cintervenci\u00f3n art\u00edstica\u201d.<\/p>\n<p>Llamo la atenci\u00f3n sobre esto, porque creo fue la primera vez que confluyeron las ciencias y las artes en un campamento zapatista.\u00a0 Y por las ciencias no me refiero al generador port\u00e1til y al proyector, sino a las palomitas de ma\u00edz, que alguien tuvo a bien incluir en el env\u00edo del aparato y la pel\u00edcula.<\/p>\n<p>Por supuesto que nos atascamos de ma\u00edz palomero al grito de \u201c<em>comer hoy o morir ma\u00f1ana<\/em>\u201d, y al otro d\u00eda casi se cumple la consigna: desde la madrugada, con una diarrea colectiva, el batall\u00f3n insurgente entero dej\u00f3 el paraje como si una piara de jabal\u00edes se hubiera asentado ah\u00ed.\u00a0 Nos consolamos despu\u00e9s, pensando que era una muestra de guerra bacteriol\u00f3gica.\u00a0 Moraleja: tengan cuidado con las consignas.<\/p>\n<p>El contacto con los pueblos, ampli\u00f3 ese limitado horizonte: en las celebraciones, los compas establec\u00edan horarios para \u201cel programa cultural\u201d, dec\u00edan, y \u201cpara la fiesta\u201d.\u00a0 As\u00ed, en un horario que se fue acortando con los a\u00f1os, se declamaban poes\u00edas, se le\u00edan pensamientos y se cantaban canciones, todo de lucha.\u00a0 Paulatinamente, \u201cla fiesta\u201d fue ampliando su duraci\u00f3n y calidad.\u00a0 En ese horario era donde se bailaba y se cantaba lo que estaba de moda en esa \u00e9poca.\u00a0 Las m\u00fasicas digamos \u201ccomerciales\u201d, a su vez, empezaron a ser desplazadas por la producci\u00f3n local.\u00a0 Primero, cambiando las letras de las canciones; despu\u00e9s componiendo tambi\u00e9n la m\u00fasica.<\/p>\n<p>Los bailes cambiaron: de las filas enfrentadas, al baile de parejas.\u00a0 Originalmente, en los bailes de los pueblos, se pon\u00edan dos l\u00edneas: una de mujeres y, enfrente, una de hombres.\u00a0 Esto ten\u00eda su raz\u00f3n de ser: con la l\u00ednea desplegada de las mujeres, las <strong><em>mamaces<\/em><\/strong> pod\u00edan controlar a sus hijas, y ver si se escapaban o se manten\u00edan en el balanceo continuo de \u201cLa del mo\u00f1o colorado\u201d.\u00a0 Posteriormente, poco a poco y despu\u00e9s de acaloradas asambleas, se permiti\u00f3 el baile de parejas, aunque con el mismo ritmo.\u00a0 Pero la l\u00ednea pesaba, as\u00ed que era com\u00fan ver a una pareja bailando, pero con ella mirando a un costado y \u00e9l mirando al lado contrario.\u00a0 El teatro, o \u201cse\u00f1a\u201d, era muy espor\u00e1dico.\u00a0 Los dibujos y pinturas de los peri\u00f3dicos murales de monta\u00f1a, se mudaron a las comunidades, pero los temas se mantuvieron.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>-*-<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0 Si les parece que la actividad art\u00edstica era rala, la cient\u00edfica era pr\u00e1cticamente nula (porque el libro de Isaac Asimov, que el finado cargaba en su mochila, no cuenta como ciencia).\u00a0 Para el contacto con la naturaleza, us\u00e1bamos los conocimientos de las comunidades, es decir, nos limit\u00e1bamos a conocer hechos, sin saber la explicaci\u00f3n o, explic\u00e1ndolos de acuerdo a los cuentos y leyendas que circulaban en las comunidades.<\/p>\n<p>Por ejemplo, el tiempo de lluvia y las etapas de la siembra.\u00a0 Hab\u00eda datos emp\u00edricos que indicaban que iba a llover o que no, y estad\u00edsticamente funcionaba.\u00a0 En los campamentos de monta\u00f1a, por ejemplo, cuando los mosquitos aumentaban en n\u00famero y agresividad, quer\u00eda decir que iba a llover.\u00a0 Claro, tambi\u00e9n ten\u00edamos bar\u00f3metros y alt\u00edmetros, pero los zancudos eran m\u00e1s precisos.\u00a0 Si nos hubieran preguntado entonces cu\u00e1l era la relaci\u00f3n entre los mosquitos y la lluvia, hubi\u00e9ramos respondido \u201cno s\u00e9\u201d, pero no hubi\u00e9ramos ido m\u00e1s all\u00e1, y sab\u00edamos que lo que correspond\u00eda era poner los techos de pl\u00e1stico o apurarse a llegar al pueblo o al campamento, y no hacer investigaciones cient\u00edficas.<\/p>\n<p>Lo m\u00e1s cient\u00edfico que se hac\u00eda era calcular energ\u00eda y trayectorias de bala, resistencia de materiales (porque hab\u00eda que saber d\u00f3nde protegerse de los disparos del enemigo), alinear miras telesc\u00f3picas, fabricaci\u00f3n de artefactos explosivos, y \u201cnavegaci\u00f3n terrestre\u201d con el uso de mapas, alt\u00edmetros y el clis\u00edmetro, para lo cual era necesario estudiar lo b\u00e1sico de trigonometr\u00eda, \u00e1lgebra y c\u00e1lculo.\u00a0 Est\u00e1bamos por aprender a usar el sextante, para poder orientarnos de noche, pero no llegamos a tanto.\u00a0 Y no era necesario, porque los compas de los pueblos conoc\u00edan tan bien el terreno, que no necesitaban ninguna m\u00e1quina para orientarse.\u00a0 Y pod\u00edan \u201cpredecir\u201d fen\u00f3menos naturales a partir de otros, o de usos y costumbres.<\/p>\n<p>El mundo estaba habitado entonces por personajes m\u00e1gicos, con el Sombrer\u00f3n y Xpaquint\u00e9 recorriendo los caminos reales, picadas y caminos de extrav\u00edo, y sent\u00e1ndose con nosotras, nosotros, en los campamentos insurgentes de las monta\u00f1as del sureste mexicano.<\/p>\n<p>En medicina se aplicaban dos m\u00e9todos fundamentales.\u00a0 Como no sab\u00edamos de la existencia de la cura con cuarzos, el <em>biomagnetismo<\/em> o cosas parecidas con igual rigor cient\u00edfico, entonces recurr\u00edamos a la sugesti\u00f3n impuesta o a la autosugesti\u00f3n.\u00a0 Como no pocas veces no ten\u00edamos medicinas, si ten\u00edamos fiebre, nos dec\u00edamos y repet\u00edamos: \u201cno tengo fiebre, todo est\u00e1 en mi cabeza\u201d.\u00a0 A ustedes les provocar\u00e1 risa tal vez, pero el finado SupMarcos contaba que \u00e9l enfrent\u00f3 varios casos de salmonelosis con ese m\u00e9todo.\u00a0 \u201c<em>\u00bfY funcionaba?<\/em>\u201d, le preguntamos en esa ocasi\u00f3n.\u00a0 \u00c9l respondi\u00f3 con su acostumbrada modestia: \u201c<em>Pues m\u00edrenme, estoy vivo y m\u00e1s hermoso que nunca<\/em>\u201d.\u00a0 Bueno, eso fue antes de que le di\u00e9ramos muerte.<\/p>\n<p>Cuando s\u00ed ten\u00edamos medicina, us\u00e1bamos el m\u00e9todo cient\u00edfico del \u201censayo y el error\u201d.\u00a0 Es decir, alguien se enfermaba, le d\u00e1bamos una medicina, si no se curaba, otra diferente, y as\u00ed, hasta que le atin\u00e1ramos o la enfermedad, seguramente aburrida del m\u00e9todo, ced\u00eda.<\/p>\n<p>Otro m\u00e9todo cient\u00edfico de cura era el llamado \u201cescopetazo\u201d.\u00a0 Si alguien ten\u00eda s\u00edntomas de una infecci\u00f3n, le d\u00e1bamos un antibi\u00f3tico de amplio espectro.\u00a0 Casi siempre se curaba y, claro, quedaba qu\u00edmicamente puro, con lo m\u00ednimo para sobrevivir hasta la pr\u00f3xima infecci\u00f3n.<\/p>\n<p>A\u00f1os despu\u00e9s, cuenta el finado, los tratamientos m\u00e9dicos que dictaba se basaban en estad\u00edstica simple: en monta\u00f1a, tales y tales s\u00edntomas se curan con tales medicamentos en el x % de los casos; si en una tropa de X n\u00famero de combatientes, tantos se enferman con tales s\u00edntomas, hay x % de probabilidades de que se trate de la misma enfermedad.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>-*-<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0 Una an\u00e9cdota de monta\u00f1a, contada tambi\u00e9n por el difunto SupMarcos hace a\u00f1os, puede servir para contrastar con el ahora que les mostramos: contaba el finado que, en una exploraci\u00f3n en lo profundo de la Selva Lacandona, una secci\u00f3n insurgente de infanter\u00eda qued\u00f3 lejos del campamento base, vi\u00e9ndose obligada a pernoctar sin m\u00e1s cobijo que las copas de los \u00e1rboles y las hojas de las plantas; hicieron una fogata para ver si pod\u00edan asar una v\u00edbora <em>nauyaca<\/em> que era lo \u00fanico que hab\u00edan podido cazar.\u00a0 El SupMarcos entonces no era \u201csup\u201d, sino teniente insurgente de infanter\u00eda y estaba al mando de esa unidad militar.<\/p>\n<p>Como era costumbre en esa \u00e9poca, cuando la noche al fin descend\u00eda de los \u00e1rboles y se sentaba junto a los insurgentes, con las sombras bajaban tambi\u00e9n a sentarse junto al fuego, toda clase de historias, cuentos y leyendas que, entre otras cosas, cumpl\u00edan la misi\u00f3n de mitigar el hambre y secar las ropas que el sudor y la lluvia hab\u00edan empapado.\u00a0 El entonces teniente de infanter\u00eda, se mantuvo apartado y se limit\u00f3 a escuchar lo que platicaba la tropa.<\/p>\n<p>A uno de los nuevos le hab\u00eda pasado que, al andar por el camino de extrav\u00edo, el roce de las hojas de la planta llamada <em>La\u00b4aj,<\/em> u Ortiga, le hab\u00eda provocado urticaria en una mano y se le hab\u00eda hinchado.\u00a0 Entre doli\u00e9ndose y quej\u00e1ndose, el recluta le pregunt\u00f3 a otro combatiente por qu\u00e9 o qu\u00e9 ten\u00eda esa planta que hac\u00eda tanto da\u00f1o.\u00a0 El veterano, sinti\u00e9ndose obligado a educar al nuevo, le respondi\u00f3: \u201c<em>Mira compa, claro te digo que eso s\u00f3lo dios y la hojita lo saben<\/em>\u201d.<\/p>\n<p>Tal vez por todo esto que les cuento, el finado SupMarcos, cuando era el vocero zapatista, abundaba y redundaba en leyendas, cuentos y an\u00e9cdotas m\u00e1s referidos a explicaciones de la realidad ligadas a la cultura ancestral.\u00a0 Los cuentos del Viejo Antonio, por ejemplo.<\/p>\n<p>Si el finado era una ventana para asomarse al zapatismo de entonces, y ahora es el Subcomandante Insurgente Mois\u00e9s, no es que haya cambiado s\u00f3lo la ventana, tambi\u00e9n lo que se ve y escucha a trav\u00e9s de esa ventana.\u00a0 El zapatismo de hoy en las comunidades, es cuantitativa y cualitativamente diferente, ya no digamos al de hace 30 a\u00f1os, sobre todo al de los \u00faltimos 10-12 a\u00f1os, que es el per\u00edodo en el cual debe haber nacido la ni\u00f1a que se autodenomina \u201cDefensa Zapatista\u201d.<\/p>\n<p>Con esto quiero decirles que, si los ni\u00f1os de hace 25-30 a\u00f1os nacieron en los preparativos del alzamiento y los de hace 15-20 nacen en la resistencia y la rebeld\u00eda; los de los \u00faltimos 10-15 a\u00f1os nacen en un proceso de autonom\u00eda ya consolidado, con nuevas caracter\u00edsticas, algunas de las cuales, entre las que est\u00e1 la necesidad de la Ciencia, les platicar\u00e1 el Subcomandante Insurgente Mois\u00e9s, a quien cedo la palabra\u2026<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Buenas noches hermanos y hermanas compa\u00f1eros compa\u00f1eras.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>La ciencia que estamos platicando ac\u00e1, nosotras, nosotros, las zapatistas, queremos ciencia para la vida. As\u00ed como les dijo el sub Galeano, nada m\u00e1s es para decir nada m\u00e1s ya, no les voy a explicar m\u00e1s de ah\u00ed eso, la ciencia s\u00ed la estudiamos tambi\u00e9n cuando est\u00e1bamos pues en la monta\u00f1a, en la preparaci\u00f3n. Ya que salimos a aplicar la ciencia, o sea la guerra, el matar y morir, nuestros compa\u00f1eros y compa\u00f1eras de los pueblos, bases de apoyo, ellos y ellas nos dijeron de otra forma de c\u00f3mo hacer la guerra sin perder los principios de lo que queremos, entonces de ah\u00ed nosotros, los combatientes y combatientas, lo bueno que fue es que reconocimos que hay algo dentro de nuestros compa\u00f1eros y compa\u00f1eras, o sea los pueblos, y entonces ah\u00ed empezamos pues a aprender, empezamos a entender y empezamos a conocer que el ser ej\u00e9rcito, cualquiera de los dos ej\u00e9rcitos, ej\u00e9rcito pues del rico y el ej\u00e9rcito del pobre que lucha, es excluyente, porque ah\u00ed no pelea todo hombres y mujeres y ni\u00f1os, y en lo que nos plantearon nuestros compa\u00f1eros y nuestras compa\u00f1eras es pelear juntos para lograr lo que queremos, y nos dijeron de que entonces en eso que el arma de que hay que luchar es la resistencia y la rebeld\u00eda, como se trata de que entonces de que no queremos el mal gobierno, el mal sistema, se trata de que entonces hay que rechazar todas las formas de c\u00f3mo nos enga\u00f1an, y entonces, nosotros, los combatientes, los insurgentes, las insurgentas, fuimos aprendiendo la forma de c\u00f3mo es eso, de c\u00f3mo hay que hacer eso, entonces, a nosotros, nosotras, entendimos de c\u00f3mo hay que pelear juntos, juntas, como de por s\u00ed las comunidades hasta ahora viven en com\u00fan, en colectivo se puede decir, ah\u00ed el sistema, el mal gobierno ahora, trata de dividirlo, pero a\u00fan no ha podido, las mismas comunidades se entienden, por ejemplo, en algunas comunidades hay varios partidos pol\u00edticos, o hay varias religiones, pero est\u00e1n en una comunidad, si en esa comunidad es invadido un pedazo de su terreno, por otra comunidad, esa comunidad invadida inmediatamente se juntan, o sea se olvidan de lo que son, que es dividido en varios partidos pol\u00edticos o en varias religiones, ah\u00ed donde funciona, ah\u00ed donde no borra lo que significa ser com\u00fan, comunidad. De ah\u00ed entonces nosotros empezamos a entender eso de lo que dec\u00edan, de lo que nos dijeron nuestros compa\u00f1eras, compa\u00f1eros, bases de apoyo, que vamos a tener que pelear juntos, juntas. Entonces fue m\u00e1s, mucho m\u00e1s mejor de lo que ellos, ellas, pensaron, porque entonces no solo el combatiente pelea, sino todos y todas y entonces, nosotros, los combatientes empezamos as\u00ed a trabajar juntos con ellos y entonces lo que pas\u00f3 es de que entonces en esa lucha, en esa organizaci\u00f3n se fue cre\u00e1ndose la forma de c\u00f3mo se quiere de lo que se busca, o sea, quiero decir que de lo que vieron los compa\u00f1eros, las compa\u00f1eras, es de que entonces hay que poner en la pr\u00e1ctica, chiquito, lo que se quiere, lo que se busca, entonces con su autonom\u00eda, con su gobierno aut\u00f3nomo de nuestros compa\u00f1eros y compa\u00f1eras, empez\u00f3 lo que nosotros no sab\u00edamos durante el tiempo de la clandestinidad, en nuestra preparaci\u00f3n, y entonces entendimos eso de que ya es la forma de c\u00f3mo se piensa de que se haga pues el cambio, y esto a lo largo de estos tiempos que llevamos durante los 23 a\u00f1os que estamos haciendo el autogobernar con nuestras comunidades, la verdad pues es que entonces no tenemos tantos muertos de balazos, o heridos o torturados, desaparecidos, de lo que fuimos primero nosotros en el a\u00f1o 94. Con estos 23 a\u00f1os, lo que nos mostraron los compa\u00f1eros y las compa\u00f1eras es de que hay otra forma de c\u00f3mo hacerle la guerra al sistema, que no se muera y que no se mata, pero para eso se necesita organizaci\u00f3n, para eso se necesita acuerdo, para eso se necesita trabajo y para eso se necesita luchar y poner en la pr\u00e1ctica. Ahora vemos que con ese arma de lucha que es resistencia y rebeld\u00eda, la verdad el sistema no ha podido hacer nada con nuestros compa\u00f1eros y compa\u00f1eras, todo han hecho por querer hacer que lo dejen, no ha podido el sistema. Por qu\u00e9, porque las compa\u00f1eras y los compa\u00f1eros ya lo vivieron durante los 23 a\u00f1os, de lo que ellas, ellos, lo construyeron, como bien estaba diciendo el Sub Galeano, nosotros mismos quedamos sorprendidos de que pero si eso no so\u00f1\u00e1bamos, pero si eso no ve\u00edamos, entonces, porque todo lo que han logrado los compa\u00f1eros y las compa\u00f1eras, es a trav\u00e9s de su pensar, es a trav\u00e9s de ver sus necesidades, de lo que se necesita y pensar qu\u00e9 hacer despu\u00e9s de que entonces se haya logrado algo de c\u00f3mo mejorar o de c\u00f3mo seguir los pasos para hacer el bien de nuestros pueblos, pues. Entonces ahora, las mismas compa\u00f1eras, compa\u00f1eros, hacen la comprobaci\u00f3n entre ellos y ellas, pues, y las mam\u00e1s y pap\u00e1s por supuesto que los animan, porque no lo hab\u00edan visto, pues. Por ejemplo hay compa\u00f1eras que ya son, no s\u00e9 c\u00f3mo se dice, de esos que lo ayudan a los doctores de pasarlo, como los mec\u00e1nicos que ah\u00ed va tu pinza, ah\u00ed va tu martillo, ah\u00ed va tu marro, como se llamen, pues, pero las compa\u00f1eras entonces ahora ya son ellas las que le ayudan al m\u00e9dico de pasar lo que necesita a\u00a0 la hora de que est\u00e1 haciendo la cirug\u00eda el m\u00e9dico, ya saben manejar pues as\u00ed aparato de ultrasonido, que los m\u00e9dicos ya le dijeron de que entonces que ya puede decir o sea diagnosticar, pues, de que si ya sabe leer de lo que muestra la placa o la foto de lo que saca el ultrasonido, y as\u00ed muchos otros tipo de aparato ya las compa\u00f1eras y compa\u00f1eros ya saben manejar, de dentistas, de Papanicolau y de muchas otras cosas de la salud, del \u00e1rea de salud, de laboratoristas, pues. Que eso no pens\u00e1bamos eso, y eso de que entonces ahora nosotros pensamos y decimos: \u00bfen 23 a\u00f1os de balazos hubi\u00e9ramos construido eso?, \u00a0y nuestra respuesta de nosotros es no estar\u00edamos hablando aqu\u00ed con ustedes ahora \u00adhermanos, hermanas, compa\u00f1eros, compa\u00f1eras, cient\u00edficos, cient\u00edficas. Si hubiera que es 23 a\u00f1os de balazos, no nos hubi\u00e9ramos conocido, pues. Pero gracias a su forma de ver, a nuestros compa\u00f1eros y compa\u00f1eras, aqu\u00ed estamos platicando con ustedes, pues. Tanto que as\u00ed fue el avance de nuestros compa\u00f1eros y compa\u00f1eras, claro, se tuvo que separarse de su modo del explotador, del capitalismo pues, \u00a0o del mal gobierno para ir creando ellos de c\u00f3mo la piensan su libertad pues, que la conquistamos y que empezamos a construir a nuestra manera de entenderlo pues. Entonces, as\u00ed es como ahora tienen su educaci\u00f3n,\u00a0 tienen su agroecolog\u00eda, tienen su radio comunitaria, hacen sus propios intercambios de experiencias, \u00a0hacen compartici\u00f3n nuestros compa\u00f1eros y compa\u00f1eras, porque lo que se quiere es la vida. Ejemplo, pues, as\u00ed como la que nos dio ya el Sub Galeano, que le platicamos tambi\u00e9n a \u00e9l, eso por ejemplo, pues, de que se comparten, de \u00a0c\u00f3mo, que \u00a0no se muera uno pues, como el caso de una de las preguntas, de que se daba eso de que la asan la placenta del beb\u00e9, o que lo hierven pues con tal de que se logra la vida pues, pero eso se hace con un simplemente,\u00a0 una lucha\u00a0 pues, no hay un estudio real de que esto es la mejor manera pues. Entonces como hay muchas generaciones ya de que se ha tra\u00eddo ya esto, de la que les dec\u00eda el Sub Galeano de la culpa de la flor es que en la Educaci\u00f3n Aut\u00f3noma Zapatista que tanto se ha avanzado pues ya, los jovencitos y jovencitas vieron que \u00a0entonces han aprendido mucho, entonces lo que pas\u00f3 es \u00a0de que empez\u00f3 a preguntar \u00a0pues el hijo de un compa, y es hijo de un compa de Tercios Compa, entonces le dijo a su pap\u00e1 porque ya termin\u00f3 pues su primaria, su primer nivel le dicen los compa\u00f1eros en los pueblos, entonces el hijo del compa le dijo,\u00a0 pap\u00e1 ya termin\u00e9 de mi escuela, pero voy a seguir porque quiero aprender m\u00e1s, y entonces el Compa Tercio, que es el pap\u00e1, entonces le dijo, hijo, d\u00e9jame ver, porque es que todav\u00eda se est\u00e1 plane\u00e1ndose el segundo nivel o sea la secundaria que se dice, se est\u00e1 plane\u00e1ndose porque la educaci\u00f3n que queremos no van a aprender cosas que no va a servir si no se necesita, que est\u00e1 pensada qu\u00e9 es lo que aprendan para que va a servir, le dijo el compa a su hijo, y entonces el chavito pues, as\u00ed de por ah\u00ed de 13, 14 a\u00f1os entonces \u00a0dice:\u00a0 pap\u00e1, pero no vayas a pensar \u00a0de que me vas a mandar aqu\u00ed, en Cideci, porque en Cideci ah\u00ed se aprende sastrer\u00eda, zapater\u00eda y otras cosas, m\u00e1s que bien lo pueden hacer aqu\u00ed en el Caracol, solo que hace falta que se pongan de acuerdo para hacerlo, dijo el chavito a su pap\u00e1. Y entonces el chavito dice lo que quiero aprender yo es qu\u00e9 sustancia tiene el estafiate, y qu\u00e9 es lo que cura eso. Y entonces el compa, pero ah\u00ed est\u00e1 presente ah\u00ed su hijo pues, que quer\u00eda que yo le dijera pues qu\u00e9 cu\u00e1ndo y d\u00f3nde puede aprender eso, entonces yo le dec\u00eda, pues d\u00e9jame ver porque yo no s\u00e9. Entonces tan sorprendido que yo me qued\u00e9, pues y eso de que bueno, hasta yo me qued\u00e9 as\u00ed, \u00bfser\u00e1 que se puede aprender? Entonces platicando con el Sub Galeano dice, pues eso les corresponde a los cient\u00edficos, la ciencia, de los que estudian la ciencia, y los cient\u00edficos pues. Entonces pero lo que vemos es que entonces ya las generaciones que vienen ya est\u00e1n viendo otra cosa y lo bueno es de que est\u00e1n pensando, porque el chavito eso que les platico es que en las Comunidades hay compartici\u00f3n como se dice pues, tanto como le dicen de\u00a0 las tres \u00e1reas, o sea donde van compa\u00f1eros y compa\u00f1eras a intercambiarse\u00a0 experiencias de las plantas medicinales, de parteros y parteras, y de hueseros y hueseras, ah\u00ed donde pues el chavito eso escuch\u00f3 pues as\u00ed de muchas plantas que se habla que cura tal y tal \u00bfno? Pero no se sabe qu\u00e9 es, qu\u00e9 sustancia tiene pues, ah\u00ed donde aprendi\u00f3 pues eso pues. Entonces sus mismos pr\u00e1cticos de lo que hacen, sus mismos conocimientos de lo que hacen as\u00ed pues las compa\u00f1eras y los compa\u00f1eros en los pueblos, eso va a ir como abriendo pues as\u00ed experiencias, pero tambi\u00e9n al mismo tiempo va a ir abriendo pues otras necesidades de querer aprender m\u00e1s pues. Entonces yo creo que pues escuchando pues ya de lo que se est\u00e1 planteando aqu\u00ed entre nosotros pues, ojal\u00e1 de que entonces \u00a0se vengan pues ac\u00e1 a poner en pr\u00e1ctica con un pueblo pues, en colectivo, les dar\u00eda mucho gusto pues as\u00ed a los compa\u00f1eros a las compa\u00f1eras para que entonces se aproveche m\u00e1s ese conocimiento porque con lo poco que tienen los compa\u00f1eros y las compa\u00f1eras que est\u00e1 dando pues un \u2026 \u00a0como les dir\u00e9, o sea de lo que se est\u00e1 haciendo, de lo que est\u00e1n construyendo los compa\u00f1eros y las compa\u00f1eras claro lo ven a los otros hermanos, \u00a0hermanas que no son zapatistas, o sea por ejemplo, en los hospitales que tienen pues as\u00ed los compa\u00f1eros, sus hospitales aut\u00f3nomos, son m\u00e1s los hermanos partidistas que son operadas, operados all\u00ed que los zapatistas. Entonces ah\u00ed donde la gente no zapatista, partidistas como les decimos, ah\u00ed donde se dan cuenta de que entonces est\u00e1 m\u00e1s mejor de que lo que est\u00e1n haciendo los zapatistas incluso lo dicen directamente ya, que est\u00e1 mucho m\u00e1s mejor lo que est\u00e1n haciendo los zapatistas, pero no solo nada m\u00e1s en eso dan el poco avance que ha habido pues en la salud los compa\u00f1eros y las compa\u00f1eras sino tambi\u00e9n ayudan en orientar o sea hacer pol\u00edtica pues, de por qu\u00e9 as\u00ed est\u00e1n enga\u00f1ados o por qu\u00e9 as\u00ed est\u00e1n manipulados o por qu\u00e9 as\u00ed est\u00e1n dominados pues. Entonces, si hubiera de que hay m\u00e1s apoyo a trav\u00e9s de la ciencia pues, entonces habr\u00e1 m\u00e1s avances pues as\u00ed de los compa\u00f1eros y de las compa\u00f1eras pues, y entonces eso le queremos decirles que ojal\u00e1 de que entonces en verdad empez\u00e1ramos pues ahora aqu\u00ed con nuestros compa\u00f1eros y compa\u00f1eras en los pueblos a que se vaya viendo de que se pudiera pues de que haiga clase, haiga talleres, que haiga cosas pr\u00e1cticas porque las y los compa\u00f1eros lo que ven pues as\u00ed \u00a0tan interesante y tan importante para enfrentar pues a la hidra capitalista es de que hay que mejorar pues as\u00ed la salud, y hay que mejorar pues as\u00ed la alimentaci\u00f3n, pero para eso se necesita aprender, se necesita ciencia. Los compa\u00f1eros y las compa\u00f1eras hacen pues, pero como ya se ha dicho varias veces que es mediante usos y costumbres pues, o sea se hace la prueba que siembras ah\u00ed el ma\u00edz a ver si te va a dar, o la calabaza,\u00a0 o el camote, qu\u00e9 es lo que va a dar ah\u00ed, porque no hay un estudio de la ciencia ah\u00ed, de qu\u00e9 es lo que va a dar ah\u00ed en esa tierra y qu\u00e9 cosa da aqu\u00ed en esta parte pues no. Es de mucho sufrimiento de c\u00f3mo es que se vive,\u00a0 pero si viera que hay una ciencia, un laboratorio por ejemplo, ah\u00ed s\u00ed ser\u00eda diferente, no es cosa de probar sino que ya es porque tiene un estudio cient\u00edfico qu\u00e9 es lo que hace falta a la madre tierra esto o es lo que puede dar aqu\u00ed esto pues.\u00a0 Entonces pues as\u00ed se ve, as\u00ed hacen sus estudios tambi\u00e9n los compa\u00f1eros y las compa\u00f1eras y que entonces de donde nace esto por la cual estamos aqu\u00ed, la verdad es eso de que entonces es el estafiate que dijo el chavito eso que quiere saber cu\u00e1l es la sustancia y que entonces ya de ah\u00ed eso se vio de que entonces est\u00e1n los dem\u00e1s, Escuelas Aut\u00f3nomas Zapatistas que est\u00e1n en otra necesidad de lo que quieren aprender los j\u00f3venes pues.<\/p>\n<p>Entonces hermanos, hermanas, compa\u00f1eros, compa\u00f1eras, que los invitamos pues con los compa\u00f1eros y las compa\u00f1eras a que vamos formando pues un colectivo, como colectivo pues que andamos las y los zapatistas y que entonces mostremos despu\u00e9s al pueblo de M\u00e9xico que el pueblo, el propio pueblo puede crear la forma de c\u00f3mo vivir y que no necesitamos a alguien que manipulen pues as\u00ed a nuestra riqueza o que las expropian lo que es nuestro como pueblo, m\u00e1s que nosotros como pueblos pues y que para eso necesitamos pues estar juntos con los pueblos originarios y con la ciencia de los cient\u00edficos y la ciencia de los artistas, qu\u00e9 vamos imaginando, o qu\u00e9 vayamos construyendo, o que vayamos practicando y que vayamos demostr\u00e1ndonos entre nosotros mismos que s\u00ed se puede como los compa\u00f1eros y compa\u00f1eras bases de apoyo que sin m\u00e1s, m\u00e1s que su propio esfuerzo, su propia resistencia y su propio pensar de ver y crear, imaginar, han demostrado, aunque no sepan leer ni escribir, y aunque no dominan bien el espa\u00f1ol, pero en los hechos la tienen, lo que decimos pues ac\u00e1, que el sistema ac\u00e1, el mal gobierno pues de M\u00e9xico se ha hecho a un lado pues \u00a0y estamos practicando lo que nosotros pensamos y de lo que nosotros creemos, \u00a0pero sentimos solos porque no s\u00f3lo nada m\u00e1s los que estamos explotados pues. los ind\u00edgenas en M\u00e9xico, sino est\u00e1n los hermanos y hermanas tanto en el campo y en la ciudad pues. Pero para eso se necesita Ciencia pues, de c\u00f3mo vamos a tener que construir el mundo nuevo pues.<\/p>\n<p>Necesitamos, se\u00a0 siente la necesidad pues\u00a0 tan eso como as\u00ed pues el chavito que platicamos, que siendo chavito ya est\u00e1 pensando as\u00ed de que quiere conocer,\u00a0 que quiere saber por qu\u00e9 es tan importante la sustancia que tiene el estafiate,\u00a0 porque tanto escucha en el colectivo pues, en la compartici\u00f3n que se hacen las compa\u00f1eras y los compa\u00f1eros pues. Entonces eso es lo que queremos pues as\u00ed plantearles, que entonces ojal\u00e1 nos unamos pues para crear otra forma de ver, otra forma de pensar, imaginar pues de c\u00f3mo tenemos que ir construyendo un cambio, pues que realmente es el cambio no nom\u00e1s el nombre, ni nada m\u00e1s de color pues.<\/p>\n<p>Eso es lo que ser\u00eda que les podemos compartir compa\u00f1eros y compa\u00f1eras, hermanos y hermanas.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Subcomandante Insurgente Mois\u00e9s \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Subcomandante Insurgente Galeano[:en]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/radiozapatista.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/12\/radio-zapatista-29-dic-3.8.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-19895\" src=\"https:\/\/radiozapatista.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/12\/radio-zapatista-29-dic-3.8-350x210.jpg\" alt=\"radio-zapatista-29-dic-3-8\" width=\"350\" height=\"210\" srcset=\"https:\/\/radiozapatista.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/12\/radio-zapatista-29-dic-3.8-350x210.jpg 350w, https:\/\/radiozapatista.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/12\/radio-zapatista-29-dic-3.8.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 350px) 100vw, 350px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>Listen here: [podcast]https:\/\/radiozapatista.org\/Audios\/dia3_ponenciamoisesygaleano.mp3[\/podcast]<\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><b><\/b><b>The Arts and the Sciences in the history of (neo) Zapatista <\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Words of Subcomandante Insurgente Galeano<\/b><\/p>\n<p>December 28, 2016.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_GoBack\"><\/a> Last night I spoke to you about the interplanetary upheaval that had given rise to the question \u201cWhy is this flower this color? Why does it have this shape? Why does it have this scent?\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Ok, maybe I was exaggerating with the claim of \u201cinterplanetary.\u201d I should have said the upheaval created by the question that young Rosita had put to Subcomandante Insurgente Mois\u00e9s in the micro-cosmos of Zapatismo had provoked.<\/p>\n<p>Although I believe it is obvious, it doesn\u2019t hurt to mention that the response that SubMoy gave to the young Zapatista woman was the same one that, I\u2019m not sure, but probably, I\u2019m imagining, has fueled the advance of science since its very beginning: \u201cI don\u2019t know.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Now I think that, certainly, the young woman knew what his response would be, but she also hoped that SubMoy would understand that, within the flower, there was a larger question.<\/p>\n<p>We know now, because we are here in this meeting, that SubMoy knew that the response, \u201cI don\u2019t know\u201d was not only insufficient, but also useless if it did not lead to other questions.<\/p>\n<p>In a few minutes he is going to talk to you about what, as it were, is the context of the question\u2026and about his response.<\/p>\n<p>I am meant to speak to you briefly about the prehistory of this question and this response.<\/p>\n<p>The arts and sciences prior to the uprising, within the <b>eezeelen<\/b>, had a very small universe and a brief history. Both the sciences and the arts had a purpose, a direction, and an imposed reason: war.<\/p>\n<p>First in the guerilla encampments, then in the barracks, and later in the communities, the arts were limited to music, poetry, and a little bit of drawing and painting, all with exclusively revolutionary messages. Of course, it was not unusual that soon songs of love and broken hearts, <i>corridos, rancheras<\/i> and even the occasional Juan Gabriel ballad would appear, but that was only clandestinely within our clandestinity.<\/p>\n<p><!--more-->Film or cinematography had its exclusive location, its VIP room, in our imagination. One of the insurgents narrated the same film to us over and over again, but he would find a way to change it a little bit each time he told it, or to combine it with the plots of other films. That was how we saw both the original and various \u201cremakes\u201d of \u201cEnter the Dragon,\u201d with Bruce Lee playing the only role, because the <i>compa<\/i> would spend hours explaining his movements and punches to us. This went on until, with a small electric source and a heavy and cumbersome 16mm projector, we saw a Vietnamese film that I think was called \u201cPoint of Contact\u201d or something like that and which, of course, was only in its original language, and so we used our imaginations to add dialogue in Spanish, turning it into a different film than the original. I\u2019m not sure, but I think you call this \u201cartistic intervention.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>I call attention to this because I think that it was the first time that the sciences and the arts came together in a Zapatista encampment. And by the sciences, I\u2019m not referring to the portable generator and the projector, but to the popcorn, which someone had kindly included when they sent the machine and the film.<\/p>\n<p>Of course, we chowed down on the popcorn with the shout of \u201ceat today or die tomorrow.\u201d And the next day we nearly made the slogan come true: beginning in the wee hours of the morning, with collective diarrhea, the entire insurgent battalion abandoned the spot as if a herd of wild boars had taken it over. We consoled ourselves afterward, imaging that it had been a case of bacteriological war. Moral of the story: be careful with your slogans.<\/p>\n<p>Contact with the communities broadened this limited horizon: in the celebrations, the <i>compas<\/i> would set aside time for \u201cthe cultural program,\u201d as they called it and \u201cfor the party.\u201d And, in a program that got shorter over the years, they recited poetry, read thoughts aloud, and sang songs, all about struggle. Gradually, the duration of \u201cthe party\u201d got longer and better. At that time they danced and sang whatever was in fashion at the time. Eventually what we call \u201cpop music,\u201d started to be displaced by music that was produced locally. First, they changed the words of the songs; later they wrote the music as well.<\/p>\n<p>The dances changed: from dancing in two lines facing one another, to dancing in couples. Originally, in the dances in the communities, they used to dance in two lines: one was made up of women, and, in front of them there was another line made up of men. This had its own logic: with a clear line of women, the mothers could control their daughters, and they could see whether they escaped or if they had remained in the continuous repetition of \u201cthe Red Ribbon.\u201d Later, little by little and after some very heated assemblies, they were allowed to dance in couples, although to the same rhythm. But the existence of the line was deep, and it was not uncommon to see a couple dancing, but with her looking to one side and him looking to the other side. Theater, or what we called \u201csign,\u201d happened very sporadically. The drawings and paintings of the periodic murals of the mountains moved to the communities, but the themes remained the same.<\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><b>-*-<\/b><\/p>\n<p>If it seems like artistic activity was rather sparse, science was practically non-existent (because the book by Isaac Asimov, which the deceased carried in his backpack, doesn\u2019t count as science). For contact with nature, we used the knowledges of the communities, which is to say, we limited ourselves to knowing facts, without knowing the explanation, or we explained those facts according to the stories and legends that circulated in the communities. For example, regarding the rainy season and the times for planting, there was empirical data that indicated whether it was going to rain or not, and this functioned statistically. In the encampments in the mountains, for example, when the mosquitos grew in number and aggressiveness, it meant that it was going to rain. Of course, we also had barometers and altimeters, but the mosquitos were more accurate. If someone had asked us at that time what the relationship was between the mosquitos and the rain, we would have responded, \u201cI don\u2019t know,\u201d but we wouldn\u2019t have gone any further, and what we did know was that it meant that it was time put up the plastic roofs or hurry to arrive at a community or at the encampment, but not time to do scientific research.<\/p>\n<p>The most scientific thing that we did was calculate the force and trajectory of bullets and the resistance of different materials to those bullets (because we had to know how to protect ourselves from the gunshots of the enemy), align the scopes on the guns, fabricate explosives, and we did \u201cterrestrial navigation\u201d with the use of maps, altimeters and inclinometers, for which it was necessary to study the basics of trigonometry, algebra, and calculus. We wanted to learn how to use a sextant in order to orient ourselves at night, but we didn\u2019t really get to learn how to use it. It was no longer necessary because the <i>compas<\/i> from the communities knew the land so well that we didn\u2019t need any kind of machine to help us to get around. And they could already \u201cpredict\u201d natural phenomena based on other phenomena, or on <i>usos y costumbres. <\/i><\/p>\n<p>The world was inhabited then by magical people, with the <i>Sombrer\u00f3n<\/i> and <i>Xpaquint\u00e9<\/i> walking along the royal roads, trails, and misplaced paths, and sitting with us in the insurgent encampments in the mountains of southeast Mexico.<\/p>\n<p>In medicine we applied two fundamental methods. Since we didn\u2019t know about the existence of curing with quartz, <i>biomagnetism, <\/i>or other things of equal scientific rigor, we resorted to the power of suggestion or autosuggestion. Given that it was more than a few times that we didn\u2019t have medicine, if we had a fever, we would repeat over and over: \u201cI don\u2019t have a fever, it\u2019s all in my head.\u201d This might make you laugh, but the deceased SupMarcos told us that he overcame various cases of salmonella with this method. \u201cAnd did it work?\u201d we would ask him. He responded with his customary modesty, \u201c<i>Well look at me, I\u2019m alive and more beautiful than ever.<\/i>\u201d Ok, this was before we made him die.<\/p>\n<p>When we did have medicine, we used the scientific method of \u201ctrial and error.\u201d Which is to say that if someone became ill, we gave them one medicine, and if that didn\u2019t work, we tried another, and we went on like that until we got it right or until the illness, surely tiring of our methodology, yielded.<\/p>\n<p>Another scientific method for curing illness was called \u201cthe shotgun.\u201d If someone had symptoms of an infection, we gave them a wide spectrum antibiotic. This almost always worked and, of course, chemically purified the patient, with just the bare minimum to survive until the next infection.<\/p>\n<p>Years later, as the deceased would tell it, the medical treatments given were based in a simple statistic: in the mountains, x or y symptoms would be treated with x medicines in x% of cases; if in a given troop of x numbers of combatants, a certain number take ill with certain symptoms, there was x% of probability that they have the same illness.<\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><b>-*-<\/b><\/p>\n<p>An anecdote from the mountains, also told by the deceased SupMarcos years ago, might serve to contrast with what we are showing you now: the deceased told us that in an exploratory trip into the depths of the Lacandon Jungle, a section of the insurgent infantry was far from the base encampment and found itself obliged to stay overnight with no blankets other than the treetops and the plant leaves; they made a fire to see if they could roast a water moccasin, which was the only thing that they had been able to hunt. At that time, SupMarcos wasn\u2019t \u201csup\u201d but Lieutenant Infantry Sergeant and he was in charge of this military unit.<\/p>\n<p>As was customary at the time, when the night finally fell from the trees and sat among the insurgents, with the shadows descending to also sit alongside the fire, every kind of history, stories and legends which, among other things, fulfilled their role of mitigating hunger and drying clothes of the sweat and the rain that had drenched them. The then-Lieutenant Infantry Sergeant sat apart from the group and limited himself to listening to what the troops were discussing.<\/p>\n<p>One of the new recruits had rubbed up against, as happens when one walks forgotten paths, the leaves of a plant called <i>La\u2019aj <\/i>or <i>Ortiga<\/i>, which had caused hives in one of his hands and it had swelled up. Between hurting and itching, the recruit asked another combatant why this plant, which did so much damage, even existed. The veteran, feeling obliged to educate the new recruit, responded: \u201c<i>Look compa, of course I must inform you that only God and the leaf know why.\u201d<\/i><\/p>\n<p>Maybe this story is the reason why the deceased SupMarcos, when he was the Zapatista spokesperson, told and retold legends, stories, and anecdotes that referred more to the explanations of reality that linked to ancestral culture, like, for example, the stories of Old Antonio.<\/p>\n<p>If at that time the deceased was a window to look through onto Zapatismo, and now it is Subcomandante Insurgente Mois\u00e9s who does this, it is not only that the window has changed, but also what is seen and heard through this window has changed. Zapatismo today in the communities is quantitatively and qualitatively different, not just from what it was 30 years ago, but even from 10 or 12 years ago, which is the period in which the little girl who calls herself \u201cDefensa Zapatista\u201d was born.<\/p>\n<p>With this I want to tell you that if the children that 25-30 years ago were born during the preparation for the uprising and those that were born 15-20 years ago were born in resistance and rebellion; those born in the last 10-15 years were born in a process of consolidated autonomy, with new characteristics, among which is the need for Science. Now Subcomandante Insurgente Mois\u00e9s, to whom I am ceding the word, will talk to you\u2026<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><b>Words of Subcomandante Insurgente Mois\u00e9s<\/b><\/p>\n<p>Good evening brothers and sisters, <i>compa\u00f1eros, compa\u00f1eras.<\/i><\/p>\n<p>The science that we Zapatistas are discussing here, the kind of science that we want is science for life. I don\u2019t need to further explain what Sub Galeano was saying, about the fact that, yes, we also studied science when we were in the mountains, during the period of preparation. And when we finally applied this science, that is when we went to war, killing and dying, our <i>compa\u00f1eros<\/i> and <i>compa\u00f1eras<\/i> from the communities, the bases of support, told us that there was another way to make war without losing sight of the principles that we wanted. And so from that moment on something good happened. We men and women combatants recognized that something important exists within our <i>compa\u00f1eros<\/i> and <i>compa\u00f1eras<\/i>, within the communities. So we started to learn, to understand and to know that to be an army, any kind of army, whether an army of the rich or of the poor who struggle, is to be exclusive, because not all men, women, and children can fight in the army. And our <i>compa\u00f1eros<\/i> and <i>compa\u00f1eras<\/i> proposed that we fight together in order to achieve what we wanted. And they told us that in order to fight together, the weapon of struggle is resistance and rebellion.<\/p>\n<p>And so then that meant that if we didn\u2019t want the bad government, the bad system, we had to reject all of the forms through which they deceived us, and so we, the combatants, the insurgents, we learned how this was done. We learned how to do this. And so we men and women began to understand how to fight together, how the communities themselves lived and still live today in common, in collective. In the face of that the system, now the bad government, tries to divide the communities, but it hasn\u2019t been able to do so. The communities themselves understood, for example, that even though in some communities there are various political parties, or various religions, they are still a community. And so this community has a piece of their land invaded by another community, this invaded community immediately comes together, which is to say they forget that they are divided in various political parties or religions. And that is how it works where they cannot erase what it means to be in common, to be in community.<\/p>\n<p>And so then we started to understand what they were saying, what our <i>compa\u00f1ero<\/i> and <i>compa\u00f1era<\/i> bases of support were saying to us, which was that we had to fight together. And so it ended up being much much better than what we had imagined because when we did that it meant that not only the combatants fought, everyone did. And so we, the combatants began to work together with the communities and what happened was that in this struggle, in this organization, we began creating the very forms that we were seeking. That is to say that the <i>compa\u00f1eras<\/i> and <i>compa\u00f1eros<\/i>, began at that time to put into practice that which they were seeking.<\/p>\n<p>And so, with their autonomy, with the autonomous government of our <i>compa\u00f1eros<\/i> and <i>compa\u00f1eras<\/i>, something began that we had not yet known about during our time of clandestinity, during our preparation. So then we started to understand this, which was a new way of thinking about change, and this is what we have done during these 23 years that we are self-governing with our communities. The truth is that since that time we don\u2019t have as many deaths, or bullets, or as many people injured, tortured, or disappeared as we did at first, in 1994. With these 23 years, what our <i>compa\u00f1eros<\/i> and <i>compa\u00f1eras<\/i> have shown us is another way to make war on the system, where you don\u2019t die and you don\u2019t kill. But to do this, you need organization, you need agreement, you need work, you need to struggle, and you need practice.<\/p>\n<p>Now we see that with this resistance and rebellion as our weapons of struggle, the system has been unable to do anything against our <i>compa\u00f1eros<\/i> and <i>compa\u00f1eras<\/i>. The system has not been successful at anything that it has tried to do to us. Why? Because the <i>compa\u00f1era<\/i>s and the <i>compa\u00f1eros<\/i> already live in what they have for 23 years been constructing. As Sub Galeano put it, we ourselves were surprised, because we had never even dreamt this, but if we didn\u2019t see it, it is because it is the <i>compa\u00f1eros<\/i> and the <i>compa\u00f1eras<\/i> that have managed to do it, through their thinking, by figuring out what they need and thinking about what to do about it. They have managed to do something to make things better and to take steps for the good of our peoples.<\/p>\n<p>And so now these same <i>compa\u00f1eras<\/i> and <i>compa\u00f1eros<\/i> can confirm this themselves. And of course their mothers and fathers support them, because they had not seen this before. For example there are <i>compa\u00f1eras<\/i> who work as, I\u2019m not sure what you call it, the ones who help the doctors by passing them the tools that they need, like mechanics assistants who are like, here are your clamps, here is your hammer, here is your <i>marro<\/i>, as they call it. Well the <i>compa\u00f1eras<\/i> are now working as assistants to doctors in order to pass them the tools that need while they are doing medical surgeries. They know how to use the ultrasound machines, and because the doctors have taught them how, then can even make diagnoses with these machines. They know how to read the images or the photos that come from the ultrasound machine, and it is the same thing with many other medical devices, which the <i>compa\u00f1eras<\/i> and <i>compa\u00f1eros<\/i> already know how to use \u2013 devices used by dentists, devices for pap smears, and many other things related to the area of health and medical labs.<\/p>\n<p>We never imagined that this would be possible, and now we think back and say, would we have been able to build this with 23 years of bullets? And our response is that with 23 years of bullets we would not be here speaking to you know, brothers, sisters, <i>compa\u00f1eros, compa\u00f1eras<\/i>, scientists. If we had had 23 years of bullets, we would not have even known you. But thanks to their way of seeing, that of our <i>compa\u00f1eros<\/i> and <i>compa\u00f1eras<\/i>, we are here speaking with you. That is how significant the advances of our <i>compa\u00f1eros<\/i> and <i>compa\u00f1eras<\/i> were. Of course, we had to separate ourselves from the mode of exploitation, from capitalism, or from the bad government in order to create this freedom that they imagined, that we have achieved, and in order to begin to build our way of understanding it.<\/p>\n<p>And that is how now they have their education, their Agroecology, their community radio, their own exchange of experiences. Our <i>compa\u00f1eras<\/i> and <i>compa\u00f1eros<\/i> have their own \u201csharing,\u201d because what they want is life. Just like in the example that Sub Galeano gave from the stories shared by the <i>compa\u00f1eros<\/i> of how to stop a baby\u2019s death, as explained in one of the questions posed to the scientists about a baby\u2019s placenta \u2013they boil the placenta in water until they manage to stabilize the life of the baby. But this knowledge comes from struggle, because there is no study that shows whether this is the best way to save the baby.<\/p>\n<p>And so there are many generations that have moved this learning forward. This is what Sub Galeano was saying when he was talking about how the flower is to blame, which is that Zapatista Autonomous Education has advanced to such an extent that the young women and men see that they have already learned so much. And so what happened is that the son of one of the <i>compas, <\/i>one of the <i>Tercios Compas<\/i>, started to ask questions. He told his father that he had already finished his primary school, his first level as the <i>compa\u00f1eros<\/i> in the communities call it. He said to his father, \u201cdad I already finished my school, but I\u2019m going to continue because I want to learn more.\u201d And so the <i>Tercio Compa<\/i> who is his father responded, son, let me see how you can, because the second level, or secondary school as they call it, is still being planned, because we want to make sure that in the education that we want we don\u2019t learn things that aren\u2019t useful or that we don\u2019t need, and we are still in the process of thinking about what we should learn and what it will be useful for. And so the young man, who was only 13 or 14 years old said: \u201cDad, don\u2019t think about sending me there to Cideci, because in Cideci all you learn is how to make clothes, make shoes, and other things. It is better for us to do it here in the Caracol, it\u2019s just that we haven\u2019t decided to do that yet.\u201d And so the young man continued, \u201cwhat I want to learn is what substance is in the <i>estafiate<\/i> and what it can cure.\u201d And so the <i>compa<\/i>, he\u2019s over there with his son, wanted me to tell him when and were he could learn this, and so I told him, well, let me see, I don\u2019t know.<\/p>\n<p>And so I was really surprised, which is a good thing. And even I thought, is it even possible to learn this? And so I was talking to Sub Galeano and he said, well, this has to do with the scientists, with science, with those who study science and are scientists. And so what we are seeing is that the generations now and those that are growing up are already seeing the need to know new things. And the good thing is that they are thinking, because the young man that I was telling you about is in the communities that have the \u201csharing\u201d as we call it, where they talk about the three areas, or where the <i>compa\u00f1eros<\/i> and c<i>ompa\u00f1eras<\/i> go to exchange their experiences about medicinal plants, midwifery, and bonesetting, and that is where this young man heard about this <i>estafiate<\/i> and other plants that they say cure certain things and not others, right? But what they don\u2019t know there is exactly what it is, what substances the plants have that do the curing.<\/p>\n<p>And so the very practices that they have, their very knowledges that the <i>compa\u00f1eras<\/i> and the <i>compa\u00f1eros<\/i> in the communities have open the way to other experiences, but they simultaneously open up other needs, the desire to learn more, and so on. And so I think that in listening to what is being put forth here among us, maybe then you will come here to put it into practice with the communities, in collective, it would make the <i>compa\u00f1eros<\/i> and <i>compa\u00f1eras<\/i> really happy to take advantage of this knowledge because with the little bit that they know, they are doing, well\u2026as I told you, that is what they are doing, what the c<i>ompa\u00f1eros<\/i> and <i>compa\u00f1eras<\/i> are building others can see, the brothers and sisters who aren\u2019t Zapatistas. That is, for example, in the hospitals that the <i>compa\u00f1eros<\/i> have, in the autonomous hospitals, there are more <i>partidista<\/i> brothers and sisters who are operated on than there are Zapatistas. And so that is where non-Zapatista people, <i>partidistsas<\/i> as we call them, see that what the Zapatistas are doing is better. They even say that what the Zapatistas are doing is much better. But it isn\u2019t just that the <i>compa\u00f1eras<\/i> and <i>compa\u00f1eros<\/i> help them to have somewhat better health, but they also help to orient them, or to do politics, to explain to them why they are being deceived, or why they are manipulated, or why they are dominated.<\/p>\n<p>And so if there had been a little bit more support from science, then there would have been more advances among the <i>compa\u00f1eros<\/i> and <i>compa\u00f1eras<\/i>. So we wanted to tell you that maybe we really should start this, here and now with our <i>compa\u00f1eros<\/i> and <i>compa\u00f1eras<\/i> in the communities. We could see if they could have classes, workshops, practical things, because the <i>compa\u00f1eros<\/i> see that this stuff is so interesting and necessary in order to confront the capitalist hydra. They see that we have to improve health, and we have to improve nutrition, but for this we need to learn, we need science. The <i>compa\u00f1eros <\/i>and <i>compa\u00f1eras<\/i> do it, but as we have already said many times, it is through <i>usos y costumbres<\/i>, or that is to say that they have the proof that if you plant corn you will see that it grows. The same goes for the squash, or the sweet potatoes. You see how they will grow, because there is no scientific study about what is going to grow on this land, or about which plant will grow right here in this location. And living like this has caused a lot of suffering, but if you saw that there is a science, a laboratory for example, then it would be different, it wouldn\u2019t be a question of trying stuff out because there would be a scientific study that could tell us that Mother Earth is missing this or that, or that this thing is what will grow well here, and so on.<\/p>\n<p>And so you see, that is how the <i>compa\u00f1eras<\/i> and <i>compa\u00f1eros<\/i> do their studies as well, and where what we are here for can be born. The truth is that this thing about the <i>estafiate<\/i> that the young man was saying that he wanted to know about what the substance was, we also saw there that the other Zapatista Autonomous Schools had other needs so that they could provide what the young people want to learn.<\/p>\n<p>And so, brothers, sisters, <i>compa\u00f1eros, compa\u00f1eras<\/i>, together with the <i>compa\u00f1eros<\/i> and <i>compa\u00f1eros<\/i> we invite you to join us in making a collective, because we Zapatistas move in collective, and we can later show the people of Mexico that the people themselves can create a way of life. We can show them that we don\u2019t need anyone who manipulates us and our wealth, or who expropriates what belongs to the people. Rather, we as peoples need to come together \u2013 the originary peoples with the science of the scientists and the science of the artists. We can show them that together we can imagine or construct, or practice and demonstrate for ourselves what we can do as <i>compa\u00f1ero<\/i> and <i>compa\u00f1era <\/i>bases of support. We can show them that with more and more of your own strength, your own resistance, and your own thinking to see and create, imagine, that even though you may not know how to read and write, and even though you may not speak Spanish very well, but in your deeds you have, as we say here, placed the system, the bad government of Mexcio, aside. We are practicing what we think and what we believe, but we feel alone because not only are we indigenous people of Mexico exploited, but the brothers and sisters in the countryside and the city are as well. But for this we need the Sciences, we need a way to build the new world.<\/p>\n<p>We feel the need for this. It is just as the young man was saying, that being a young man he is thinking about what he wants to know, and he wants to know why the substance in the <i>estafiate<\/i> is so important, because it is much discussed in collective, in the \u201csharing\u201d that the <i>compa\u00f1eras<\/i> and <i>compa\u00f1eros<\/i> have. And so this is what we want to propose to you \u2013 that perhaps we should unite in order to create another way of seeing, another way of thinking and imagining how we can create change that is more than simply a change in name or in color.<\/p>\n<p>That is what we wanted to share <i>compa\u00f1eros<\/i> and <i>compa\u00f1eras<\/i>, brothers and sisters.<\/p>\n<p>Subcomandante Insurgente Mois\u00e9s Subcomandante Insurgente Galeano[:]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>[:es] Escucha el audio: [podcast]https:\/\/radiozapatista.org\/Audios\/dia3_ponenciamoisesygaleano.mp3[\/podcast] 28 de diciembre del 2016. La noche de ayer, les platicaba del desbarajuste interplanetario que hab\u00eda desatado la pregunta \u201c\u00bfPor qu\u00e9 esa flor es de ese color, por qu\u00e9 tiene esa forma, por qu\u00e9 tiene ese olor? Ok, me exced\u00ed con eso de \u201cinterplanetario\u201d.\u00a0 Deb\u00ed decir: el desbarajuste que en [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":19897,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1,6,118,955],"tags":[111,644,993],"class_list":["post-19903","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-audio","category-chiapas","category-ezln","category-ezln-temas","tag-ciencias-y-artes","tag-comunicados-ezln","tag-conciencias"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/radiozapatista.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/19903","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/radiozapatista.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/radiozapatista.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/radiozapatista.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/radiozapatista.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=19903"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/radiozapatista.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/19903\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/radiozapatista.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/19897"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/radiozapatista.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=19903"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/radiozapatista.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=19903"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/radiozapatista.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=19903"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}